367 research outputs found
Measurement of the Pressure induced by salt crystallization in confinement
Salt crystallization is a major cause of weathering of artworks, monuments
and rocks. Damage will occur if crystals continue to grow in confinement, i.e.
within the pore space of these materials generating mechanical stresses. We
report on a novel method that allows to directly measure, at the microscale,
the resulting pressure while visualizing the spontaneous nucleation and growth
of alkali halide salts. The experiments reveal the crucial role of the wetting
films between the growing crystal and the confining walls for the development
of the pressure. The results suggest that the pressure originates from a charge
repulsion between the similarly charged wall and the crystal separated by a
~1.5 nm salt solution film. Consequently, if the walls are made hydrophobic, no
film and no crystallization pressure are detected. The magnitude of the
pressure is system-specific and explains how a growing crystal exerts stresses
at the scale of individual grains in porous materials
Direct Measurement of the Free Energy of Aging Hard-Sphere Colloidal Glasses
The nature of the glass transition is one of the most important unsolved
problems in condensed matter physics. The difference between glasses and
liquids is believed to be caused by very large free energy barriers for
particle rearrangements; however so far it has not been possible to confirm
this experimentally. We provide the first quantitative determination of the
free energy for an aging hard-sphere colloidal glass. The determination of the
free energy allows for a number of new insights in the glass transition,
notably the quantification of the strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity in
the free energy. A study of the local minima of the free energy reveals that
the observed variations are directly related to the rearrangements of the
particles. Our main finding is that the probability of particle rearrangements
shows a power law dependence on the free energy changes associated with the
rearrangements, similarly to the Gutenberg-Richter law in seismology.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Turbulent Drag Reduction of polyelectrolyte (DNA) solutions: relation with the elongational viscosity
We report measurements of turbulent drag reduction of two different
polyelectrolyte solutions: DNA and hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide. Changing the salt
concentration in the solutions allows us to change the flexibility of the
polymer chains. For both polymers the amount of drag reduction was found to
increase with the flexibility. Rheological studies reveal that the elongational
viscosity of the solutions increases simultaneously. Hence we conclude that the
elongational viscosity is the pertinent macroscopic quantity to describe the
ability of a polymer to cause turbulent drag reduction
The interplay of sedimentation and crystallization in hard-sphere suspensions
We study crystal nucleation under the influence of sedimentation in a model
of colloidal hard spheres via Brownian Dynamics simulations. We introduce two
external fields acting on the colloidal fluid: a uniform gravitational field
(body force), and a surface field imposed by pinning a layer of equilibrium
particles (rough wall). We show that crystal nucleation is suppressed in
proximity of the wall due to the slowing down of the dynamics, and that the
spatial range of this effect is governed by the static length scale of bond
orientational order. For distances from the wall larger than this length scale,
the nucleation rate is greatly enhanced by the process of sedimentation, since
it leads to a higher volume fraction, or a higher degree of supercooling, near
the bottom. The nucleation stage is similar to the homogeneous case, with
nuclei being on average spherical and having crystalline planes randomly
oriented in space. The growth stage is instead greatly affected by the symmetry
breaking introduced by the gravitation field, with a slowing down of the
attachment rate due to density gradients, which in turn cause nuclei to grow
faster laterally. Our findings suggest that the increase of crystal nucleation
in higher density regions might be the cause of the large discrepancy in the
crystal nucleation rate of hard spheres between experiments and simulations, on
noting that the gravitational effects in previous experiments are not
negligible.Comment: 16 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables; Soft Matter (2013
Shear Thickening of Dense Suspensions: The Role of Friction
Shear thickening of particle suspensions is characterized by a transition
between lubricated and frictional contacts between the particles. Using 3D
numerical simulations, we study how the inter-particle friction coefficient
influences the effective macroscopic friction coefficient and hence the
microstructure and rheology of dense shear thickening suspensions. We propose
expressions for effective friction coefficient in terms of distance to jamming
for varying shear stresses and particle friction coefficient values. We find
effective friction coefficient to be rather insensitive to interparticle
friction, which is perhaps surprising but agrees with recent theory and
experiments
Damage in porous media due to salt crystallization
We investigate the origins of salt damage in sandstones for the two most
common salts: sodium chloride and sulfate. The results show that the observed
difference in damage between the two salts is directly related to the kinetics
of crystallization and the interfacial properties of the salt solutions and
crystals with respect to the stone. We show that, for sodium sulfate, the
existence of hydrated and anhydrous crystals and specifically their dissolution
and crystallization kinetics are responsible for the damage. Using magnetic
resonance imaging and optical microscopy we show that when water imbibes sodium
sulfate contaminated sandstones, followed by drying at room temperature, large
damage occurs in regions where pores are fully filled with salts. After partial
dissolution, anhydrous sodium sulfate salt present in these regions gives rise
to a very rapid growth of the hydrated phase of sulfate in the form of clusters
that form on or close to the remaining anhydrous microcrystals. The rapid
growth of these clusters generates stresses in excess of the tensile strength
of the stone leading to the damage. Sodium chloride only forms anhydrous
crystals that consequently do not cause damage in the experiments
Shear thickening and migration in granular suspensions
We study the emergence of shear thickening in dense suspensions of
non-Brownian particles. We combine local velocity and concentration
measurements using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with macroscopic rheometry
experiments. In steady state, we observe that the material is heterogeneous,
and we find that that the local rheology presents a continuous transition at
low shear rate from a viscous to a shear thickening, Bagnoldian, behavior with
shear stresses proportional to the shear rate squared, as predicted by a
scaling analysis. We show that the heterogeneity results from an unexpectedly
fast migration of grains, which we attribute to the emergence of the Bagnoldian
rheology. The migration process is observed to be accompanied by macroscopic
transient discontinuous shear thickening, which is consequently not an
intrinsic property of granular suspensions
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