PD1/PD-L1 dependent immunosuppression by huiPS-derived cell population

Poster presentationInternational audienc

ΔNp63 Is Essential for Epidermal Commitment of Embryonic Stem Cells

In vivo studies have demonstrated that p63 plays complex and pivotal roles in pluristratified squamous epithelial development, but its precise function and the nature of the isoform involved remain controversial. Here, we investigate the role of p63 in epithelial differentiation, using an in vitro ES cell model that mimics the early embryonic steps of epidermal development. We show that the ΔNp63 isoform is activated soon after treatment with BMP-4, a morphogen required to commit differentiating ES cells from a neuroectodermal to an ectodermal cell fate. ΔNp63 gene expression remains high during epithelial development. P63 loss of function drastically prevents ectodermal cells to commit to the K5/K14-positive stratified epithelial pathway while gain of function experiments show that ΔNp63 allows this commitment. Interestingly, other epithelial cell fates are not affected, allowing the production of K5/K18-positive epithelial cells. Therefore, our results demonstrate that ΔNp63 may be dispensable for some epithelial differentiation, but is necessary for the commitment of ES cells into K5/K14-positive squamous stratified epithelial cells

Future directions in managing aniridia-associated keratopathy

Congenital aniridia is a panocular disorder that is typically characterized by iris hypoplasia and aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK). AAK results in the progressive loss of corneal transparency and thereby loss of vision. Currently, there is no approved therapy to delay or prevent its progression, and clinical management is challenging because of phenotypic variability and high risk of complications after interventions; however, new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of AAK may help improve its management. Here, we review the current understanding about the pathogenesis and management of AAK. We highlight the biological mechanisms involved in AAK development with the aim to develop future treatment options, including surgical, pharmacological, cell therapies, and gene therapies

SOX2 Regulates P63 and Stem/Progenitor Cell State in the Corneal Epithelium.

Mutations in key transcription factors SOX2 and P63 were linked with developmental defects and postnatal abnormalities such as corneal opacification, neovascularization, and blindness. The latter phenotypes suggest that SOX2 and P63 may be involved in corneal epithelial regeneration. Although P63 has been shown to be a key regulator of limbal stem cells, the expression pattern and function of SOX2 in the adult cornea remained unclear. Here, we show that SOX2 regulates P63 to control corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cell function. SOX2 and P63 were co-expressed in the stem/progenitor cell compartments of the murine cornea in vivo and in undifferentiated human limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells in vitro. In line, a new consensus site that allows SOX2-mediated regulation of P63 enhancer was identified while repression of SOX2 reduced P63 expression, suggesting that SOX2 is upstream to P63. Importantly, knockdown of SOX2 significantly attenuated cell proliferation, long-term colony-forming potential of stem/progenitor cells, and induced robust cell differentiation. However, this effect was reverted by forced expression of P63, suggesting that SOX2 acts, at least in part, through P63. Finally, miR-450b was identified as a direct repressor of SOX2 that was required for SOX2/P63 downregulation and cell differentiation. Altogether, we propose that SOX2/P63 pathway is an essential regulator of corneal stem/progenitor cells while mutations in SOX2 or P63 may disrupt epithelial regeneration, leading to loss of corneal transparency and blindness. Stem Cells 2019;37:417-429

Identification of the regulatory circuit governing corneal epithelial fate determination and disease.

The transparent corneal epithelium in the eye is maintained through the homeostasis regulated by limbal stem cells (LSCs), while the nontransparent epidermis relies on epidermal keratinocytes for renewal. Despite their cellular similarities, the precise cell fates of these two types of epithelial stem cells, which give rise to functionally distinct epithelia, remain unknown. We performed a multi-omics analysis of human LSCs from the cornea and keratinocytes from the epidermis and characterized their molecular signatures, highlighting their similarities and differences. Through gene regulatory network analyses, we identified shared and cell type-specific transcription factors (TFs) that define specific cell fates and established their regulatory hierarchy. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analyses of the cornea and the epidermis confirmed these shared and cell type-specific TFs. Notably, the shared and LSC-specific TFs can cooperatively target genes associated with corneal opacity. Importantly, we discovered that FOSL2, a direct PAX6 target gene, is a novel candidate associated with corneal opacity, and it regulates genes implicated in corneal diseases. By characterizing molecular signatures, our study unveils the regulatory circuitry governing the LSC fate and its association with corneal opacity

Cellules souches embryonnaires et peau: du modèle cellulaire au potentiel thérapeutique

Les cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) sont capables de reproduire en culture les étapes majeures du développement précoce et sont donc un modèle de choix pour l'étude in vitro des mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu lors des étapes successives d'une différenciation cellulaire et tissulaire. Nous avons récemment déterminé des conditions expérimentales permettant la différenciation de cellules ES murines en kératinocytes, éclairant le double rôle du morphogène BMP-4 dans l'engagement neuro-ectodermique. Les kératinocytes ainsi obtenus sont capables de reconstruire in vitro un épiderme pluristratifié fonctionnel. Ce modèle cellulaire permet d'identifier les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu au cours de la formation normale de la peau et d'étudier le rôle de chaque isoforme de p63 dans les dystrophies ectodermales humaines. Il permettra de comprendre la morphogenèse cutanée, d'identifier les évènements moléculaires mis en jeu au cours de l'embryogenèse lors du dialogue épithélio-mésenchymateux. Les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines représentent un modèle expérimental très prometteur pour comprendre les différentes étapes du développement conduisant à la production de cellules souches épidermiques. Nous avons récemment obtenu une population stable de cellules somatiques ectodermiques à partir de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines. Cette population de cellules reste homogène pendant environ 60 dédoublements avant d'entrer en sénescence, son caryotype est normal, son cycle cellulaire identique à celui des cellules somatiques, elles ne provoquent pas de tératomes. Il semblerait donc que ces cellules ectodermales puissent être une source inestimable de cellules somatiques fiables pouvant être utilisées dans des essais cliniques