Making Immigrants into Criminals: Legal Processes of Criminalization in the Post-IIRIRA Era

During a post-election TV interview that aired mid-November 2016, then President-Elect Donald Trump claimed that there are millions of so-called “criminal aliens” living in the United States: “What we are going to do is get the people that are criminal and have criminal records, gang members, drug dealers, we have a lot of these people, probably two million, it could be even three million, we are getting them out of our country or we are going to incarcerate.” This claim is a blatant misrepresentation of the facts. A recent report by the Migration Policy Institute suggests that just over 800,000 (or 7 percent) of the 11 million undocumented individuals in the United States have criminal records. Of this population, 300,000 individuals are felony offenders and 390,000 are serious misdemeanor offenders — tallies which exclude more than 93 percent of the resident undocumented population (Rosenblum 2015, 22-24).[1] Moreover, the Congressional Research Service found that 140,000 undocumented migrants — or slightly more than 1 percent of the undocumented population — are currently serving time in prison in the United States (Kandel 2016). The facts, therefore, are closer to what Doris Meissner, former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Commissioner, argues: that the number of “criminal aliens” arrested as a percentage of all fugitive immigration cases is “modest” (Meissner et al. 2013, 102-03). The facts notwithstanding, President Trump’s fictional tally is important to consider because it conveys an intent to produce at least this many people who — through discourse and policy — can be criminalized and incarcerated or deported as “criminal aliens.” In this article, we critically review the literature on immigrant criminalization and trace the specific laws that first linked and then solidified the association between undocumented immigrants and criminality. To move beyond a legal, abstract context, we also draw on our quantitative and qualitative research to underscore ways immigrants experience criminalization in their family, school, and work lives. The first half of our analysis is focused on immigrant criminalization from the late 1980s through the Obama administration, with an emphasis on immigration enforcement practices first engineered in the 1990s. Most significant, we argue, are the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) and the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). The second section of our analysis explores the social impacts of immigrant criminalization, as people’s experiences bring the consequences of immigrant criminalization most clearly into focus. We approach our analysis of the production of criminality of immigrants through the lens of legal violence (Menjivar and Abrego 2012), a concept designed to understand the immediate and long-term harmful effects that the immigration regime makes possible. Instead of narrowly focusing only on the physical injury of intentional acts to cause harm, this concept broadens the lens to include less visible sources of violence that reside in institutions and structures and without identifiable perpetrators or incidents to be tabulated. This violence comes from structures, laws, institutions, and practices that, similar to acts of physical violence, leave indelible marks on individuals and produce social suffering. In examining the effects of today’s ramped up immigration enforcement, we turn to this concept to capture the violence that this regime produces in the lives of immigrants. Immigrant criminalization has underpinned US immigration policy over the last several decades. The year 1996, in particular, was a signal year in the process of criminalizing immigrants. Having 20 years to trace the connections, it becomes evident that the policies of 1996 used the term “criminal alien” as a strategic sleight of hand. These laws established the concept of “criminal alienhood” that has slowly but purposefully redefined what it means to be unauthorized in the United States such that criminality and unauthorized status are too often considered synonymous (Ewing, Martínez, and Rumbaut 2015). Policies that followed in the 2000s, moreover, cast an increasingly wider net which continually re-determined who could be classified as a “criminal alien,” such that the term is now a mostly incoherent grab bag. Simultaneously and in contrast, the practices that produce “criminal aliens” are coherent insofar as they condition immigrant life in the United States in now predictable ways. This solidity allows us to turn in our conclusion to some thoughts about the likely future of US immigration policy and practice under President Trump. [1] These numbers are based on the assumption that “unauthorized immigrants and lawful noncitizens commit crimes at similar rates” (Rosenblum 2015, 22). However, there is research that provides good support that criminality among the undocumented is lower than for the foreign-born population overall (Rumbaut 2009; Ewing, Martínez, and Rumbaut 2015)

A systematic literature review: the effect of date palms (phoenix dactylifera) toward breast cancer MCF-7 cell line.

Breast cancer is most significant diagnosed cancer in women that approximately 2.1 millions women were diagnosed with breast cancer and caused 627,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 based on Press Release 2018 from International Agency for Research on Cancer in World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Phoenix dactylifera or in common name, date palm has become one of the choices to avoid breast cancer. The various types of extract methods on difference parts of P.dactylifera against breast cancer cell line or known as Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) were widely discussed in previous research articles. However, it was lack of systematically review on effect of the parts of P.dactylifera against breast cancer or MCF-7. PRISMA method was applied on Scopus and Science Direct databases and resulted on six parts of the P.dactylifera’s extracts. For future direction, it was encouraged to apply different standard systematic review methods and extra databases

: cas de Jorf-Lasfar (Maroc) et Béjaia (Algérie)

Les territoires portuaires intègrent de plus en plus cette approche innovante de gestion de leurs ressources et de leurs déchets, que constitue l'écologie industrielle. L'espace portuaire, du fait de sa spécificité, induit une " territorialisation " des modes de coordination entre les acteurs. Le territoire industrialo-portuaire se prête ainsi à une démarche " proximiste " qui tente d'endogénéiser l'espace à travers une démarche d'économie industrielle et d'économie régionale. Dès lors, l'espace portuaire apparait déterminé par une forme d'" imbrication sociale ", autrement dit par les conditions culturelles, socioéconomiques et structurelles, dans lesquelles s'inscrivent le métabolisme portuaire et l'émergence de dynamiques collaboratives autour de la gestion des ressources. Si de nombreuses études de cas se sont intéressées aux pratiques d'écologie industrielle dans les territoires portuaires à travers le monde, aucune à notre connaissance n'a porté son attention sur comparaison des démarches d'écologie industrielle dans des territoires portuaires maghrébins. Cet article propose de combler cette lacune en étudiant le cas de deux territoires industrialo-portuaires qui ont adopté une approche originale et novatrice en matière d'écologie industrielle au Maghreb : le territoire de Jorf Lafsar, au Maroc, et celui de Bejaïa, en Algérie

: cas de Jorf-Lasfar (Maroc) et Béjaia (Algérie)

Les territoires portuaires intègrent de plus en plus cette approche innovante de gestion de leurs ressources et de leurs déchets, que constitue l'écologie industrielle. L'espace portuaire, du fait de sa spécificité, induit une " territorialisation " des modes de coordination entre les acteurs. Le territoire industrialo-portuaire se prête ainsi à une démarche " proximiste " qui tente d'endogénéiser l'espace à travers une démarche d'économie industrielle et d'économie régionale. Dès lors, l'espace portuaire apparait déterminé par une forme d'" imbrication sociale ", autrement dit par les conditions culturelles, socioéconomiques et structurelles, dans lesquelles s'inscrivent le métabolisme portuaire et l'émergence de dynamiques collaboratives autour de la gestion des ressources. Si de nombreuses études de cas se sont intéressées aux pratiques d'écologie industrielle dans les territoires portuaires à travers le monde, aucune à notre connaissance n'a porté son attention sur comparaison des démarches d'écologie industrielle dans des territoires portuaires maghrébins. Cet article propose de combler cette lacune en étudiant le cas de deux territoires industrialo-portuaires qui ont adopté une approche originale et novatrice en matière d'écologie industrielle au Maghreb : le territoire de Jorf Lafsar, au Maroc, et celui de Bejaïa, en Algérie

Evaluation of a suitable thin layer model for drying of pumpkin under forced air convection

The thin layer drying kinetics of pumpkin slices (Cucurbita moschata) were experimentally investigated in a convective hot air dryer. In order to select the appropriate model for predicting the drying kinetics of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), twelve thin layer semi theoretical, theoretical and empirical models, widely used in describing the drying behaviour of agricultural products were fitted to the experimental data. The Page and Two term exponential models showed the best fit under certain drying conditions. The Hii et al. (2009) model, which was adopted from a combination of the Page and Two term models was compared to the other 11 selected thin layer models based on the coefficient of determination (R2) and sum of squares error (SSE). Comparison was made between the experimental and model predicted moisture ratio by non-linear regression analysis. Furthermore, the effect of drying temperature and slice thickness on the best model constants was evaluated. Consequently, the Hii et al. (2009) model showed an excellent fit with the experimental data (R2 > 0.99 and SSE < 0.012) for the drying temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and at different sample thicknesses of 3 mm, 5 mm and 7 mm respectively. Thus, the Hii et al. (2009) model can adequately predict the drying kinetics of pumpkin

Practical remediation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one wastewater

Limiting environmental impact is a top priority for the chemical industry, and manufacturing practices need to be well controlled to avoid any potential contamination. In order to reduce waste streams during the processing of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), potentially evironmental hazardous at concentrations of 1 g/l, we investigated the potential remediation and recycling of water using a wide range of commercial sorption media. We studied the effect of experimental conditions, including flow rate, initial contaminant concentration and temperature. This led to the selection of Amberlyst A26 OH in a batch process and Activated Carbon in continuous flow, as the most effective sorption methods. Using high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA), NTO was quantified from solutions, before and after remediation, showing a complete removal from a 10 g/l NTO solution. Our purification method therefore appears to be suitable for the remediation of NTO-contaminated wastewater

Evaluation of the digital image correlation method for the measurement of vibration mode shapes

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a modern non-contact, full-field optical technique that is being used for the measurement of static and dynamic displacement problems, material testing and fracture mechanics. In particular, three dimensional DIC is able to measure the out-of-plane vibration mode shapes and deformation of a vibrating structure. Thus, this technique can potentially provide an important validation tool between measured and predicted results. This paper presents some preliminary evaluation results from using the DIC measurement approach. The DIC method was implemented using two low-speed charge-couple device cameras and a phase-locked measurement technique synchronised to the excitation. A 1.2mm thick steel plate with clamped boundary conditions was chosen as the test sample. Resonant frequencies and mode shapes were compared to predictions made using a Finite Element analysis and the experimental Chladni method of visualizing vibrating mode patterns. This comparison reveals some of the advantages and limitations of the DIC method for vibration mode shape analysi