Dire notre expérience du sonore : nomination et référenciation

International audienceThis paper presents a cognitive approach of the processes of nomination operating within different modes of questioning and reporting the sonic experience of French speakers in three corpora. After exploring the resources of French language to refer to noise and sounds through elicitation of lists of words, we explored their use in describing environmental noise and qualifying musical sounds by different groups of subjects. We propose to unify the different linguistic approaches of referring (nomination, denomination, designation) not only as resulting in different linguistic processes but as relating linguistic resources to cognitive categories and processes in constructing through a large diversity of linguistic devices experiential knowledge as well as scientific normative knowledge accounted through terminology.L'approche cognitive de la nomination présentée ici permet, à partir de la mise en oeuvre de différents questionnements et de l'analyse des corpus provoqués, d'identifier un certain nombre des processus psychologiques et linguistiques qui permettent à des locuteurs francophones d'exprimer tant leur expérience sensible que leurs connaissances des qualités « objectives » imputées aux objets du monde sonore. Ce travail nous conduit à unifier les différentes conceptions de la référenciation (nomination/dénomination/désignation) non pas dans les seuls procédés linguistiques mais dans la généralité des processus à la fois linguistiques et psychologiques de mise en relation des ressources des langues et des réalités cognitives situées dans la diversité des pratiques humaines

Mises en discours de l’expérience visuelle et cognition située : couleurs et espace.

Notre travail contribue aux débats en linguistique cognitive qui, dès 1991 (Vandeloise, 1991), concernaient les relations entre langage et cognition, abordées ici dans le cadre de la catégorisation et de la lexicalisation des couleurs et de l’espace. La perspective de sémantique cognitive située que nous développons, et qui s’inscrit en psychologie dans le prolongement de la conception « expérientielle » et « incarnée » de Rosch, s’attache à envisager les représentations cognitives comme la résultante de processus complexes de co-construction entre expériences perceptives, ressources lexicales et pratiques discursives. On partira de la diversité des ressources lexicales disponibles et mises en œuvre dans différentes pratiques de la couleur et des couleurs comme effets, matières, sources, entités du monde (Dubois & Grinevald, 2003), pour aborder l’analyse des contraintes liées à l’inscription syntaxique et discursive des formes lexicales de couleur dans la construction de la diversité des statuts cognitifs des couleurs et de l’espace (Cance, 2008). Cela nous conduira à conclure à la nécessité de mettre en place une diversité de protocoles et d’analyses qui puissent rendre compte de manière non réductrice des conceptualisations de la couleur et des couleurs et de leur rôle dans la construction de la référence aux objets du monde et à l’espace.Our contribution is concerned with the relationships between language and cognition as discussed since 1991 (see Vandeloise, 1991) focusing on lexicalisation and categorisation of colours and their contribution to the construction of space. Following Rosch’s insights of an experiential and embodied cognition, we develop a broader conception of a situated cognitive approach of lexical meaning. Cognitive representations are considered as resulting from complex processes constructed from perceptual experience, lexical resources and discourse processing. Empirical results concerned with lexical resources available within French language and involved in different practices of colours allow to identify different cognitive representations of colours : as subjective effects, as matter, as sources, as entities of the physical world (Dubois & Grinevald, 2003). Our analyses further explore the constraints on conceptual elaborations of colours through the syntactic inscription of colour words in discourses allowing the identification of objects and the referenciation to space (Cance, 2008). Our conclusion emphasises on the requirements for a diversity of experimental protocols and analyses to produce non restrictive data in order to adequately account for the diversity of colour conceptualisations and for their role in the referenciation processes to objects and space

ARF6 controls post-endocytic recycling through its downstream exocyst complex effector

The small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)–binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) 6 regulates membrane recycling to regions of plasma membrane remodeling via the endocytic pathway. Here, we show that GTP–bound ARF6 interacts with Sec10, a subunit of the exocyst complex involved in docking of vesicles with the plasma membrane. We found that Sec10 localization in the perinuclear region is not restricted to the trans-Golgi network, but extends to recycling endosomes. In addition, we report that depletion of Sec5 exocyst subunit or dominant inhibition of Sec10 affects the function and the morphology of the recycling pathway. Sec10 is found to redistribute to ruffling areas of the plasma membrane in cells expressing GTP-ARF6, whereas dominant inhibition of Sec10 interferes with ARF6-induced cell spreading. Our paper suggests that ARF6 specifies delivery and insertion of recycling membranes to regions of dynamic reorganization of the plasma membrane through interaction with the vesicle-tethering exocyst complex

Comparing the resident populations of private and public long-term care facilities over a fifteen-year period: a study from Quebec, Canada

In the province of Quebec, Canada, long-term residential care is provided by two types of facilities: privately-owned facilities in which care is privately financed and delivered, and publicly-subsidised accredited facilities. There are few comparative data on the residents served by the private and public sectors, and none on whether their respective population has changed over time. Such knowledge would help plan services for older adults who can no longer live at home due to increased disabilities. This study compared 1) the resident populations currently served by private and public facilities and 2) how they have evolved over time. The data come from two cross-sectional studies conducted in 1995-2000 and 2010-2012. In both studies, we randomly selected care settings in which we randomly selected older residents. In total, 451 residents from 145 settings assessed in 1995-2000 were compared to 329 residents from 102 settings assessed in 2010-2012. In both study periods, older adults housed in the private sector had fewer cognitive and functional disabilities than those in public facilities. Between the two study periods, the proportion of residents with severe disabilities decreased in private facilities while it remained over 80% in their public counterparts. Findings indicate that private facilities care today for less-disabled older adults, leaving to public facilities the heavy responsibility of caring for those with more demanding needs. These trends may impact both sectors’ ability to deliver proper residential care

Measuring ocean surface velocities with the KuROS and KaRADOC airborne near-nadir Doppler radars: a multi-scale analysis in preparation of the SKIM mission, Submitted to Ocean SCience, July 2019

Surface currents are poorly known over most of the oceans. Satellite-borne Doppler Waves and Current Scatterom-eters (DWCS) can be used to fill this observation gap. The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale (SKIM) proposal, is the first satellite concept built on a DWCS design at near-nadir angles, and now one of the two candidates to become the 9th mission of the European Space Agency Earth Explorer program. As part of the detailed design and feasibility studies (phase A) funded by ESA, airborne measurements were carried out with both a Ku-Band and a Ka-Band Doppler radars looking at the sea surface at 5 near nadir-incidence in a real-aperture mode, i.e. in a geometry and mode similar to that of SKIM. The airborne radar KuROS was deployed to provide simultaneous measurements of the radar backscatter and Doppler velocity, in a side-looking configuration , with an horizontal resolution of about 5 to 10 m along the line of sight and integrated in the perpendicular direction over the real-aperture 3-dB footprint diameter (about 580 m). The KaRADOC system has a much narrower beam, with a circular footprint only 45 m in diameter. 10 The experiment took place in November 2018 off the French Atlantic coast, with sea states representative of the open ocean and a well known tide-dominated current regime. The data set is analyzed to explore the contribution of non-geophysical velocities to the measurement and how the geophysical part of the measured velocity combines wave-resolved and wave-averaged scales. We find that the measured Doppler velocity contains a characteristic wave phase speed, called here C 0 that is analogous to the Bragg phase speed of coastal High Frequency radars that use a grazing measurement geometry, with little 15 variations ∆ C associated to changes in sea state. The Ka-band measurements at an incidence of 12 • are 10% lower than the theoretical estimate C 0 2.4 m/s for typical oceanic conditions defined by a wind speed of 7 m/s and a significant wave height of 2 m. For Ku-band the measured data is 1 https://doi. 30% lower than the theoretical estimate 2.8 m/s. ∆ C is of the order of 0.2 m/s for a 1 m change in wave height, and cannot be confused with a 1 m/s change in tidal current. The actual measurement of the current velocity from an aircraft at 4 to 18 • incidence angle is, however, made difficult by uncertainties on the measurement geometry, which are much reduced in satellite measurements

Effects of classification context on categorization in natural categories

The patterns of classification of borderline instances of eight common taxonomic categories were examined under three different instructional conditions to test two predictions: first, that lack of a specified context contributes to vagueness in categorization, and second, that altering the purpose of classification can lead to greater or lesser dependence on similarity in classification. The instructional conditions contrasted purely pragmatic with more technical/quasi-legal contexts as purposes for classification, and these were compared with a no-context control. The measures of category vagueness were between-subjects disagreement and within-subjects consistency, and the measures of similarity based categorization were category breadth and the correlation of instance categorization probability with mean rated typicality, independently measured in a neutral context. Contrary to predictions, none of the measures of vagueness, reliability, category breadth, or correlation with typicality were generally affected by the instructional setting as a function of pragmatic versus technical purposes. Only one subcondition, in which a situational context was implied in addition to a purposive context, produced a significant change in categorization. Further experiments demonstrated that the effect of context was not increased when participants talked their way through the task, and that a technical context did not elicit more all-or-none categorization than did a pragmatic context. These findings place an important boundary condition on the effects of instructional context on conceptual categorization

Promoting advance planning for health care and research among older adults: A randomized controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Family members are often required to act as substitute decision-makers when health care or research participation decisions must be made for an incapacitated relative. Yet most families are unable to accurately predict older adult preferences regarding future health care and willingness to engage in research studies. Discussion and documentation of preferences could improve proxies' abilities to decide for their loved ones. This trial assesses the efficacy of an advance planning intervention in improving the accuracy of substitute decision-making and increasing the frequency of documented preferences for health care and research. It also investigates the financial impact on the healthcare system of improving substitute decision-making.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>Dyads (<it>n </it>= 240) comprising an older adult and his/her self-selected proxy are randomly allocated to the experimental or control group, after stratification for type of designated proxy and self-report of prior documentation of healthcare preferences. At baseline, clinical and research vignettes are used to elicit older adult preferences and assess the ability of their proxy to predict those preferences. Responses are elicited under four health states, ranging from the subject's current health state to severe dementia. For each state, we estimated the public costs of the healthcare services that would typically be provided to a patient under these scenarios. Experimental dyads are visited at home, twice, by a specially trained facilitator who communicates the dyad-specific results of the concordance assessment, helps older adults convey their wishes to their proxies, and offers assistance in completing a guide entitled <it>My Preferences </it>that we designed specifically for that purpose. In between these meetings, experimental dyads attend a group information session about <it>My Preferences</it>. Control dyads attend three monthly workshops aimed at promoting healthy behaviors. Concordance assessments are repeated at the end of the intervention and 6 months later to assess improvement in predictive accuracy and cost savings, if any. Copies of completed guides are made at the time of these assessments.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study will determine whether the tested intervention guides proxies in making decisions that concur with those of older adults, motivates the latter to record their wishes in writing, and yields savings for the healthcare system.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p><a href="http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN89993391">ISRCTN89993391</a></p

Formation continue et parcours professionnels : entre aspirations des salariés et contexte de l’entreprise

« Levier déterminant de la compétitivité des entreprises », « élément structurant de la sécurisation des parcours des personnes », instrument de « liberté de choisir son avenir professionnel », la formation continue est érigée en solution privilégiée pour le marché du travail. Les enjeux de la crise ouverte par la pandémie du Covid 19 pourraient bien aussi se décliner en termes de formation continue, notamment autour des besoins de reconversion. Pourtant, concilier les besoins des entreprises avec les aspirations professionnelles des personnes ne va pas de soi. Les travaux présentés dans cet ouvrage collectif, réalisés dans le cadre du premier groupe d’exploitation du Dispositif d’enquêtes couplées sur les formations et les itinéraires des salariés (Defis), éclairent, chacun à sa façon et sous des angles variés, les multiples enjeux de la formation continue. Ils questionnent la formation des salariés en lien avec leurs aspirations et les parcours professionnels. Ils tentent également de mieux comprendre la manière dont les différentes configurations productives et le contexte des entreprises peuvent influencer leurs pratiques de formation, de recrutement et autres modes d’acquisition des compétences. Conçu comme un lieu d’échanges et de dialogue pluridisciplinaire autour des données Defis, le groupe d’exploitation a réuni des chercheurs issus du Céreq, des universités ou laboratoires CNRS et autres organismes publics. Leurs appartenances disciplinaires sont variées (économie, sociologie, gestion, sciences de l’éducation) et les méthodologies mobilisées associent parfois une approche qualitative à l’analyse des données quantitatives