Fluorescence Molecular Painting of Enveloped Viruses

In this study, we describe a versatile, flexible, and quick method to label different families of enveloped viruses with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-modified green fluorescent protein, termed fluorescence molecular painting (FMP). As an example for a potential application, we investigated virus attachment by means of flow cytometry to determine if viral binding behavior may be analyzed after FMP of enveloped viruses. Virus attachment was inhibited by using either dextran sulfate or by blocking attachment sites with virus pre-treatment. Results from the FMP–flow cytometry approach were verified by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Since the modification strategy is applicable to a broad range of proteins and viruses, variations of this method may be useful in a range of research and applied applications from bio-distribution studies to vaccine development and targeted infection for gene delivery

Singapore R&D and globetrotting

Worldwide, people are setting up or expanding into new careers, universities, institutes, and centers. This situation is particularly good for Singapore. From a biomedical perspective, three main movements may be observed: (1) pharmaceutical, biotechnological and supply companies establishing local-based subsidiaries, (2) renowned universities and colleges establishing biomedical and chemical biology institutes, and (3) researchers of international standing taking the lead to bring-in, train and sustain a first-class local workforce. By discussing the integrative nature of chemistry and biology, we shall attempt to address both local and international perspectives.We shall give an overview of the funding structure and collaborative opportunities in Singapore. As a theme, we have focused on drug discovery. For relevant complimentary information, please also refer to the Singapore special in BTJ’s November 2007 issue

Extracellular Vesicles and Their Membranes: Exosomes vs. Virus-Related Particles

Cells produce nanosized lipid membrane-enclosed vesicles which play important roles in intercellular communication. Interestingly, a certain type of extracellular vesicle, termed exosomes, share physical, chemical, and biological properties with enveloped virus particles. To date, most similarities have been discovered with lentiviral particles, however, other virus species also frequently interact with exosomes. In this review, we will take a closer look at the similarities and differences between exosomes and enveloped viral particles, with a focus on events taking place at the vesicle or virus membrane. Since these structures present an area with an opportunity for interaction with target cells, this is relevant for basic biology as well as any potential research or medical applications