Vietnam’s Post-1975 Agrarian Reforms

This book investigates why collectivised farming failed in south Vietnam after 1975. Despite the strong will of the new regime to implement collectivisation, the effort was uneven, misapplied and subverted. After only 10 years of trying, the regime annulled the policy. Focusing on two case studies—Quảng Nam province in the Central Coast region and An Giang province in the Mekong Delta—and based on extensive evidence, this study argues that the reasons for variations in implementation and the failure and reversal of the policy were twofold: regional differences and local politics

Simulation of fracture slip and propagation in hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoirs

Rollen til hydraulisk stimulering i å øke produksjonen fra geotermiske reservoarer, og muliggjøre kommersiell utnyttelse av et større spekter av geotermiske ressurser, har fått økt oppmerksomhet de siste tiårene. Under stimulering kan eksisterende sprekker sideforskyves, forplante seg og koble seg til andre sprekker og der igjennom øke permeabiliteten i reservoaret. Prosessene er preget av sterke hydromekaniske interaksjoner, som vi har begrensede muligheter til å overvåke. Numeriske simuleringer er derfor et viktig verktøy for å hjelpe oss til å bedre forstå mekanismene som er i spill. Avhandlingen tar sikte på å utvikle en omfattende matematisk modell og en numerisk tilnærming for å analysere bruddmekanismer og undersøke koblede hydromekaniske prosesser som forekommer i oppsprukne porøse medier. Den foreslåtte modellen benytter en blandet-dimensjonal konseptuell modell, som inkluderer porelastisitet i det porøse mediet og kontaktmekanikk for sprekkene. Modellen tillater også forplantning og koalescens av eksisterende sprekker. Et nytt diskretiseringsskjema for å løse den foreslåtte matematiske modellen presenteres. Den foreslåtte metoden bruker en to-nivå simuleringstilnærming, kategorisert i grove og fine nivåer, for å redusere beregningskostnader og sikre nøyaktighet. En endelig volummetode kombineres med en aktiv-sett løsningsstrategi for å diskretisere porelastisitet og bruddkontaktmekanikk på det grove nivået. Sprekkeforplantning betraktes på et fint nivå, der en endelig elementmetode kombineres med kollapsede kvartpunktselementer for å approksimere singulariteten i spenningen ved enden av sprekkene. Adaptiv gitring basert på en feilestimator og Laplace-glatting av gitteret introduseres på begge nivåer for effektivt å håndtere sprekkepropagering og koalescens. Simuleringene utført i denne avhandlingen forbedrer vår forståelse av hydraulisk stimulering og dens effekt på forbedring av sprekkepermeabilitet og konnektivitet i geotermiske reservoarer.The role of hydraulic stimulation in enhancing geothermal reservoir production and allowing for commercial exploitation of a larger range of geothermal resources has attracted attention from researchers in recent decades. During stimulation, preexisting fractures may slip, propagate, and connect to other fractures to enhance permeability. The processes are characterized by strong hydromechanical interactions, which have limited monitoring opportunities. Therefore, numerical simulations provide a powerful tool to help us better understand the mechanisms. This thesis aims to develop a comprehensive mathematical model and a numerical approach to analyze fracture mechanisms, and to investigate the coupled hydromechanical processes occurring in fractured porous media. The proposed model will employ a mixed-dimensional conceptual model, incorporating the concepts of poroelasticity and fracture contact mechanics. The model will also allow for the growth and coalescence of preexisting fractures. A novel discretization scheme for solving the proposed mathematical model is presented. The proposed scheme employs a two-level simulation approach, categorized into coarse and fine levels, to reduce the computational costs and ensure accuracy. A finite volume method is combined with an active set strategy to discretize poroelasticity and fracture contact mechanics on the coarse level. Fracture propagation is considered on a fine level, in which a finite element method is combined with collapsed quarter-point elements to capture the stress singularity at the fracture tips. Adaptive remeshing based on an error estimator and Laplacian smoothing is introduced on both levels to effectively capture fracture propagation and coalescence in the computational grid. The simulations conducted in this thesis improve our understanding of hydraulic stimulation and its effect on enhancing fracture permeability and connectivity in geothermal reservoirs.Doktorgradsavhandlin

METALLIC LEAD ELECTROREFINING FROM RAW MATERIAL IN LEAD - DIETHYLENETRIAMINE COMPLEX SOLUTION

Metallic lead was refined from raw material via electrolysis process in lead - diethylenetriamine (Pb-DETA) complex solution with presence of various additives. The influence of the additives, Pb-DETA concentration, current density and temperature on lead deposition, dendrite formation and electric current performance were studied. The additives strongly affect to dendrite formation and the deposition of lead metal in the Pb-DETA complex solution.  The morphology and composition of the electrolyzed lead were analyzed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). After electrorefining, the impurities were removed and the product was pure lead metal. The lead diethylenetriamine complex solution with three additives as gelatine, dextrine and β-naphthol is promising electrolyte for lead refining via electrolysis process.

INCORPORATING A COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS APPROACH TO THE TEACHING OF A SELECTION OF FIGURATIVE IDIOMS IN EFL CONTEXT

Abstract: Prodromou (2003: 43) states that “the way for a student of English to become more fluent in the language is not only to have a good command of grammar and vocabulary but also a good command of the ‘idiom principle’ and there is “the need for idiomatic competence is precisely what linguists propose for the non-native speakerâ€. In addition, research shows that idioms are among the biggest challenge for EFL/ESL learners. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on ways to deal with a selection of figurative idioms by employing a CL perspective and to suggest some pedagogical implications. The paper attempts to examine a small number of Vietnamese EFL learners in the use of a non CL and a CL activity to evaluate its effectiveness and learning gains. The results could be used to further explore the use of CL to the teaching of idioms.Key words: cognitive linguistics, figurative idioms, corporaÂ

Research on the Application of E-commerce to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): the Case of India

SMEs account for a large proportion and play an important role in the development of each country in the world, including India. The globalization will bring many advantages for enterprises however SMEs will face fierce competition at the local, national and International level. In order to maintain and promote the important role of SMEs in the context of increased competition, SMEs have to change and adopt new technologies. E-commerce and digital technologies are bringing opportunities to help SMEs improve their competitiveness, narrow the gap with big enterprises thanks to their fairness and flexibility of the digital business environment.       According to UNIDO (2017), India is one of the countries successfully applying e-commerce to SMEs. Contributing to this success is the important role of the Indian government. Therefore, this paper focuses on researching the application of e-commerce to SMEs in terms of the role of government in promoting and creating an ecosystem for SMEs and e-commerce development