Анимация на службе агит-пропа и волшебный мир новых времён: Мальчик-самоед на экранах северных окраин Советского Союза

International audienceAt the end of the 1920s in the Soviet Union, the animation fulfilledan agit-prop function, like other cinematographic genres. Adhering to the Sovietmovement for the cinematographic fact, animation rejected the illusion of “magic”and what the animators called the “cine-trick”. However, in its uses, the animatedfilm, as well as the entire cinematographic device, were also used for their power ofwonderment. Technology, of which cinema is one of the manifestations, was envisagedas a privileged instrument for modernization and the fight against the beliefs of thepast that the regime wished to eliminate. This study aims to show the Soviet culturalworkers were caught up in the magic dimension of cinema, particularly in the Siberiancontext where cinema is perceived as a substitute for the shamanic session, seen by theadministrators as a spectacle to compete with. Taking the screening of the animatedfilm Samoyed Boy (1928) to an indigenous audience as a case study, this paper replacesthe animation about the peoples of the North in its context of diffusion using variousarchival documents (press, publications, production archives) in order to question themodernizing dimension of cinema, both in its representations and in its apparatus.Ultimately, it shows that the “magic” of cinematographic projection is invested as theenchanted space of the Sovietization of the country.À la fin des années 1920 en Union soviétique, le film d’animationremplit une fonction d’agit-prop, à l’instar d’autres genres cinématographiques.Adhérant au mouvement soviétique pour le fait cinématographique, l’animationrefuse l’illusion du « magique » et ce que les animateurs nomment alorsle « ciné-truc ». Cependant, dans ses usages, le film d’animation, et ledispositif cinématographique tout entier, sont aussi utilisés pour leur pouvoird’émerveillement. La technologie, dont le cinéma est l’une des manifestations, estenvisagée comme un instrument privilégié de la modernisation et de la lutte contreles croyances du passé que le régime souhaite voir disparaître. Cette étude entenddémontrer que la dimension magique du cinéma rattrape les « soviétisateurs »,notamment en contexte sibérien où le cinéma est appelé à remplacer la séancechamanique, vue par les administrateurs comme un spectacle à concurrencer.Prenant comme cas d’étude la projection du film Le Petit Samoyède (1928) à unpublic autochtone, cet article replace le cinéma d’animation sur les peuples du Norddans son contexte de diffusion à l’aide de divers documents d’archives (presse,édition, documents de production), afin d’interroger la dimension modernisatricedu cinéma, à la fois dans ses représentations et son dispositif. In fine, il montreque la « magie » de la projection cinématographique est investie comme l’espaceenchanté de la soviétisation du pays.В конце 1920 годов анимация в Советском Союзе функционировалакак средство агит-пропа, подобно другим жанрам кинематографа.Приверженная советскому направлению кинематографии факта, анимацияотвергала иллюзию «магии» и того, что аниматоры называют «кинотрюк».Однако анимационный фильм, как и вся киномеханика в целом, такжеиспользовались ради их способности покорять воображение, их власти надвоображением. Технологичность, одним из проявлений которой оказываетсякинематография, рассматривалась в качестве одного из преимущественныхинструментов модернизации и борьбы со старым, способствующим устранениюего пережитков. Данное исследование стремится показать, что советские деятели культуры были захвачены магией кинопространства, в частности,в контексте Сибири, где кино воспринималось как шаманское камлание, какдейство, могущее с этим последним поспорить. Взяв в качестве предметаисследования кинопоказ анимационного фильма Мальчик-самоед (1928) дляаудитории коренных жителей, статья помещает анимацию, посвящённуюнародам Севера, в расширенный контекст, используя различные архивныедокументы (печать, книжные издания, киноматериалы) с тем, чтобы задатьсявопросом о модернизирующем аспекте кинематографа, как его художественно-изобразительного, так и технического инструментария. В конечном итоге,показывается, что киноэкран своей «магией» облачает волшебный мирсоветизации в пространстве страны

Chomentowski Gabrielle, Filmer l’Orient. Politique des nationalités et cinéma en URSS (1917-1938)

Issu de sa thèse de doctorat soutenue à Sciences Po Paris en 2009, l’ouvrage de Gabrielle Chomentowski est consacré au cinéma soviétique et à son rapport à la politique soviétique des nationalités, sur une période allant de la révolution d’Octobre à la Grande Terreur. La question des « nationalités » soviétiques (pour reprendre le terme employé par les bolcheviks pour désigner l’appartenance ethnique) au cinéma est un champ d’étude récent. Ainsi, en français, on peut citer l’ouvrage collectif..

La procédure en droit international privé : recherche en droit de l’Union européenne

The issue of procedure in private international law seems simple, at first glance, to solve as the jurisdiction of the law of the forum is imbued with evidence. This is from the perspective of private international law methods - especially the conflict method and method of the substantive rules - as part of the action of the European Union that reflection has been developed. The position of the last in the first two sources justifies this position. The evidence of the rule above quickly felt. It conducts to douter the relevance of the use of conflict method to solve the difficulties that regional institution intends to annihilate in disputes involving a foreign element. But the difficulties of definition of the category procedure quickly hold the attention also. It thus appears a first field of action of the Union, already explored, but must be completed. However, the construction of the European judicial area – because there is the objective - seems to require, by the admission of the European authorities, contain procedural disparities. These are the substantive rules themselves that appear often ask questions in cross-border disputes by making it dificult in particular the free movement of judgments. So it is to this second method of private international law that the European Union had to turn. The vocation of the Union to act having been established, and a quick inventory of the achievement have been drawn up, it could be sought substantive rules that seemed necessary. Beyond these, the conflict method ensures the completeness of the system.La question de la procédure en droit international privé parait de prime abord simple à résoudre tant la compétence de la loi du for est empreinte d’évidence. C’est sous l’angle des méthodes du droit international privé – et particulièrement la méthode conflictuelle et la méthode des règles matérielles – dans le cadre de l’action de l’Union européenne que la réflexion a été développée. La place de cette dernière dans les sources des deux premières justifie cette position. L’évidence de la règle énoncée ci-dessus s’est rapidement fait ressentir. Elle a pu faire douter de la pertinence du recours à la méthode conflictuelle pour résoudre les difficultés que l’institution régionale entend annihiler dans les litiges comportant un élément d’extranéité. Mais les difficultés de définition de la catégorie procédure retiennent tout aussi rapidement l’attention. Il apparait ainsi un premier champ d’action de l’Union, déjà exploré certes, mais devant être complété. Toutefois, l’édification de l’espace judiciaire européen – car là est l’objectif poursuivi – semble nécessiter, de l’aveu même des autorités européennes, d’endiguer les disparités procédurales. Ce sont les règles matérielles elles-mêmes qui paraissent, souvent, poser question dans les litiges transfrontières en rendant difficile, notamment, la libre circulation des décisions. C’est donc vers cette seconde méthode du droit international privé que l’Union européenne a dû se tourner. La vocation à agir de l’Union ayant été établie, et un rapide état des lieux de l’acquis ayant été dressé, il a pu être recherché les règles matérielles qui semblaient nécessaires. Au-delà de celles-ci, la méthode conflictuelle assure la complétude du système

Bad housekeeping: why do aphids leave their exuviae inside the colony?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Animals can gain protection against predators and parasites by living in groups. The encounter-dilution effect provides protection when the probability of detection of a group does not increase in proportion to group size (i.e. encounter effect), so that predators do not offset the encounter effect by attacking more members of the group (i.e. dilution effect). In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism by which prey insects could gain by producing decoys that act as multiple targets for predators or parasitoids if these decoys are recognised as preys or hosts and negatively affect the patch foraging strategy of these predators and parasitoids. Such a decoy mechanism could be present in aphid colonies in which aphid exuviae are recognised and attacked by Aphidiine wasps.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We conducted a behavioural study to evaluate the effect of exuviae on parasitoid patch residence time and egg allocation in experimental aphid patches with or without exuviae. We showed that exuviae are recognised and attacked at the same level as aphids when both are present in the patch. While parasitism rate was not significantly lower in patches with exuviae when the parasitoid left the patch, the time wasted by parasitoids to handle exuviae did influence the patch residence time. As a consequence, the attack rate on the live aphids was lower in patches that contain exuviae.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Aphids had more time available to flee and thus each individual might gain protection against parasitoids by leaving their exuviae near and within the colony. These results demonstrate that the encounter-dilution effect provided by living in a group can be enhanced by extra-materials that act as decoy for natural enemies.</p

What happens when film festivals can't happen

Covid-19 marked a historic moment in the film festival world. The pandemic outbreak fundamentally impacted the geographic organization and calendar of the film industry with strings of film festivals unable to take place in their regular live-event form. This book aims to document and think through an ongoing crisis: looking at a wide variety of international festivals, the contributors use adaptive approaches that both connect to earlier models and methods and search for new frames and tools to understand what happens when festivals can’t happen. Co-editors Antoine Damiens and Marijke de Valck underscore how contributors have worked from a set of shared conceptual entry points, acknowledging the global nature of the festival phenomenon as well as seeing different local responses and effects and pushing against linear understandings of crisis management by connecting the various “make do” and innovative solutions to earlier experiments and practices

Opioid And Naloxone Prescribing Practices In Mississippi

The purpose of this study was to determine whether primary care providers (PCPs) in Mississippi are following the selected Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines published in March 2016 for prescribing opioids for chronic, non-cancer pain. The study also sought to determine if the selected providers prescribed naloxone for opioid overdose reversal. Drug overdoses have increased exponentially in the last 3 decades in the United States (Doyon, Aks, & Schaeffer, 2014) — leading to opioid overdose becoming the most frequent cause of accidental death. Opioid overdose death rates are so high the CDC declared it a problem of “epidemic” status in 2012 (Canada, DiRocco, & Day, 2014). Mississippi ranks as one of the highest prescribing states for opioid analgesics. For the purpose of this research, focus was placed on specific aspects o f the CDC guidelines as follows: (a) consider nonpharmacological treatment or treat with nonopioids first, (b) avoid prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently, and (c) check a urine drug screen prior to opioid initiation and yearly thereafter (CDC, 2016). The CDC now recommends prescribing naloxone, an opioid antagonist, to patients at risk for opioid overdose. Naloxone has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing opioid overdose mortality. A nonexperimental, quantitative, descriptive, retrospective review of charts was performed in 6 primary care clinics in Mississippi staffed by physicians and family nurse practitioners. A convenience sampling of 600 charts for retrospective chart review was conducted. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years or older, medically treated long-term with opioids (\u3e 2 prescriptions written \u3e21 days apart) for chronic non-cancer pain, and prescribed by a PCP. The findings suggested that PCPs in Mississippi are not eonsistently following CDC guidelines for opioid prescribing. It should also be noted that, of the 600 charts reviewed, none of the patients were prescribed naloxone for reversal of a potential opioid overdose. Research demonstrated a need for increased awareness and education among PCPs regarding CDC guidelines for prescribing opioids

Human-Induced Expanded Distribution of Anopheles plumbeus, Experimental Vector of West Nile Virus and a Potential Vector of Human Malaria in Belgium

For the majority of native species, human-created habitats provide a hostile environment that prevents their colonization. However, if the conditions encountered in this novel environment are part of the fundamental niche of a particular species, these low competitive environments may allow strong population expansion of even rare and stenotopic species. If these species are potentially harmful to humans, such anthropogenic habitat alterations may impose strong risks for human health. Here, we report on a recent and severe outbreak of the viciously biting and day-active mosquito Anopheles plumbeus Stephens, 1828, that is caused by a habitat shift toward human-created habitats. Although historic data indicate that the species was previously reported to be rare in Belgium and confined to natural forest habitats, more recent data indicate a strong population expansion all over Belgium and severe nuisance at a local scale. We show that these outbreaks can be explained by a recent larval habitat shift of this species from tree-holes in forests to large manure collecting pits of abandoned and uncleaned pig stables. Further surveys of the colonization and detection of other potential larval breeding places of this mosquito in this artificial environment are of particular importance for human health because the species is known as a experimental vector of West Nile virus and a potential vector of human malari