Relação entre heterogeneidade ambiental e distribuição de espécies em uma floresta paludosa no Município de Cristais Paulista, SP, Brasil Floristic composition and relationship between environmental heterogeneity and species distribution in a swamp forest from Cristais Paulista, São Paulo State, Brazil

Neste estudo foi caracterizada a composição florística e fitossociológica de uma floresta paludosa no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, onde variações no padrão de drenagem ocorrem principalmente no sentido perpendicular ao curso d'água, em função da topografia. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a distribuição das espécies em relação ao substrato e a entrada de luz na comunidade. Foram alocadas 60 parcelas de 10×10 m, distribuídas em seis grupos de 10 parcelas cada. Em cada parcela foram medidos e identificados os indivíduos com PAP > 10 cm, avaliadas as propriedades químicas e granulometria do solo, o desnível topográfico, a drenagem e a abertura do dossel. Foram registradas 88 espécies, das quais 61 foram observadas nas parcelas. Uma análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) indicou correlações entre a distribuição das 29 espécies mais abundantes e drenagem, desnível topográfico e Fe no eixo 1 e abertura do dossel no eixo 2. O coeficiente de Spearman indicou correlações significativas entre 66% das 29 espécies e profundidade do lençol freático ou abertura do dossel. Como exemplo, Calophyllum brasiliense e Xylopia emarginata prevaleceram em solos mal drenados; Siphoneugena densiflora e Virola sebifera em solos bem drenados; Myrcia laruotteana e Xylopia sericea em parcelas com maior abertura de dossel. A heterogeneidade ambiental foi um importante fator na determinação da distribuição e a coexistência de espécies, resultando em um incremento na diversidade local.<br>In the present study, we characterized the floristic composition and tree structure of a swamp forest in northeast of São Paulo State, Brazil, where the drainage pattern changes mainly across the watercourse due to the topography. We aimed to investigate the species distribution in relation to substrate and light entrance in the community. Sixty quadrats (10×10 m) were divided into six groups of 10 plots. In each quadrat, individuals with PBH > 10 cm were measured and identified. We also evaluated soil chemical properties, granulometry, topographic unevenness, drainage, and canopy openness. Eighty-eight species were recorded, from which 61 were detected in the quadrats. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated correlations between the distribution of the 29 most abundant species and drainage, topographic unevenness and Fe in the axis 1, and canopy openness in the axis 2. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient indicated significant correlations between 66% from the 29 species and water table depth or canopy openness. As examples, Calophyllum brasiliense and Xylopia emarginata were predominant in poorly-drained soils; Siphoneugena densiflora and Virola sebifera, in the drained ones; and Myrcia laruotteana and Xylopia sericea, in the quadrats presenting higher canopy openness. Environmental heterogeneity showed to be an important factor in determining the species distribution and coexistence, which increases local diversity

Composição, estrutura e similaridade florística da Floresta Atlântica, na Serra Negra, Rio Preto - MG

Serra Negra is a region surrounded by some stretches of mountain, covered by Atlantic Forests and cloud scrubs, located in the southern part of Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, in Serra da Mantiqueira, between the rises of the massif of Itatiaia (RJ, SP e MG) and the Serra do Ibitipoca (MG). The aim of this study was to determine the composition, structure and floristic similarity of arboreal flora among three forest types of Atlantic Forest (Alluvial, Montane and Cloud Forest) and also the similarity with other studies. A total of 2,572 individuals was sampled, from 194 species, 59 families and 118 genera. The highest number of species was recorded in the families Myrtaceae (30 morphospecies), Lauraceae (20), Melastomataceae (17) and Fabaceae (13). The three vegetation types associated with different environmental conditions differ in their composition and structure. The alluvial proved with low diversity and stature and high ecological dominance. The cloud forest stood out for its typical elements of altitude over other common species in the area below the range, where diversity was higher. The tree flora of Sierra Negra presents various indicator species to characteristic distribution of highlands of southeastern Brazil.A Serra Negra, no município de Rio Preto (MG), estende-se por uma região com fisionomias florestais serranas da Mantiqueira e campos altimontanos, entre as elevações do maciço do Itatiaia (RJ, SP e MG) e da Serra do Ibitipoca (MG). Com o objetivo de investigar o comportamento das variáveis comunitárias da flora arbórea em condições diferentes de altitude e alagamento, determinou-se a composição florística, estrutura e similaridade entre três fragmentos de floresta (aluvial, montana e nebular) e a suas relações florísticas com estudos da região. Foram amostrados 2.572 indivíduos, identificados em 194 espécies, distribuídas em 59 famílias e 118 gêneros. As famílias com maior riqueza foram Myrtaceae (30 espécies), Lauraceae (20), Melastomataceae (17) e Fabaceae (13). Os três tipos de vegetação estudados, associados a diferentes condições ambientais, diferem entre si em sua composição e estrutura. A floresta aluvial revelou-se com reduzida diversidade, baixa estatura e alta dominância ecológica. A floresta nebular destacou-se por apresentar elementos típicos de altitude em detrimento de espécies freqüentes na região abaixo da escarpa da serra, onde a diversidade foi maior. A flora arbórea da Serra Negra, formada pelo conjunto das áreas estudadas, apresenta um conjunto considerável de elementos com distribuição característica de ambientes montanhosos do Sudeste do Brasil

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora