Assessing the adoption of NERICA varieties in Western Burkina Faso

This paper aims to assess the actual and potential adoption rate of NERICA (New Rice for Africa) rice varieties and identify the determinants of their diffusion and adoption in Burkina Faso. The surveys were conducted in 2009 among 300 rice farmers in 10 villages participating in the rice varietal selection tests. The average treatment effect (ATE) method made it possible to determine a common rate of exposure to and adoption of NERICA of 17% in 2008, and a potential adoption rate of 37%. This means that there is an adoption gap of 20% due to the incomplete diffusion of NERICA, which must be addressed by carrying out more actions to disseminate these varieties. The contact with agricultural research services is a key factor determining the awareness and adoption of NERICA in Burkina Faso

Prévalence de la tuberculose et de la brucellose chez les animaux sélectionnés du projet d´appui au développement de l´élevage du Zébu maure (PRODEZEM) dans le cercle de Nara: Prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis in selected animals of the project to support the development of Moorish Zebu breeding (PRODEZEM) in the Nara circle

Introduction: La tuberculose et la brucellose bovines représentent des contraintes majeures au dévelop-pement de l’élevage bovin laitier au Mali. A Nara, pour fixer la race Zébu maure, le dépistage de ces deux maladies zoonotiques bovines a été entrepris sur les bovins du projet. L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer leurs prévalences dans les noyaux sélectionnés. Méthodes: Une étude transversale de type descriptif a été menée sur les bovins des noyaux de zébus maures. Les tests de tuberculination et de Rose Bengale ont été effectués sur les bovins des noyaux du projet. Les prévalences de chaque maladie ont été obtenues en faisant le rapport entre le nombre de cas positif sur le nombre total d’animaux testés. Résultats: Au total, les tests de dépistage ont concerné 1112 sujets de 50 noyaux présélectionnés dans les cinq communes du cercle de Nara. Les prévalences de la tuberculose et la brucellose bovines sont respectivement de 0,90 % et de 0,27 %. Concernant la tuberculose, le maximum de cas a été observé à Niamana (4 cas) et le minimum à Guenéibe (1 cas). Par rapport à la brucellose, le maximum de cas a été enregistré dans la commune de Guiré (2 cas). Conclusion: Cette étude a montré de faibles taux d’infection de la tuberculose et de la brucellose chez les bovins du projet. L’étude a en outre permis d’avoir de nouvelles connaissances sur l’épidémiologie de ces maladies zoonotiques dans les noyaux sélectionnés du projet. Background: Bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis are major constraints to the development of dairy cattle farming in Mali. In Nara, in order to establish the Moorish Zebu breed, screening for these two zoonotic bovine diseases was undertaken on the cattle project. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence in the selected nuclei. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle in the Moorish Zebu nuclei. Tuberculin and Rose Bengal tests were carried out on cattle in the project nuclei. The prevalence of each disease were obtained as the ratio of the number of positive cases to the total number of animals tested. Results: A total of 1112 animals from 50 pre-selected nuclei in the five communes of the Nara circle were tested. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis were 0.90% and 0.27% respectively. As regards tuberculosis, the maximum number of cases was observed in Niamana (4 cases) and the minimum in Guenéibe (1 case). With regard to brucellosis, the maximum number of cases was recorded in the commune of Guiré (2 cases). Conclusion: This study showed low infection rates of tuberculosis and brucellosis in the project cattle. It also provided new insights into the epidemiology of these zoonotic diseases in the selected nuclei of the project

New sources of resistance to sorghum midge in Burkina Faso

New sources of midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola) resistance among local Sorghum bicolor cultivars were determined in experiments carried out from 1996-99 in Burkina Faso. Two hundred local landraces from Burkina Faso and other West African countries were screened for midge resistance. The 40 best cultivars were tested with resistant and susceptible controls during the 1999 rainy seasons, in midge-infested sites Kouaré and Farako-Bâ. The average percentage of midge-damaged spikelets in Kouaré varied from 0% in ICSV 745 to 45.3% in susceptible landrace 439. At Farako-Bâ, the percentage of damaged spikelets varied from 0.4% in ICSV 745 to 31.8% on the susceptible control Sariaso 10. Cultivar Tenlopieno had the highest percentage of damaged spikelets in both locations, but showed low visual midge damage scores

Antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions in HIV-infected patients in Mali: a resource-limited setting experience

Background: There are few reports in the literature from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regarding antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now widely available in SSA, and ADRs during HIV infection are also frequent. In this study, we reported the frequency and risk factors of ART-induced ADRs in a Malian population.Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed in the HIV Care and Counseling Centre (CESAC) of Mali from 2011 to 2012. Adult patients infected with HIV and who had recently started ART were included and followed-up clinically Were included in this study, adult patients living with HIV and had recently started ART who were followed up for at least 6 months to determine the incidence of ADRs using Naranjo’s classification scale.Results: During this study, 357 (42.3%) patients presented ADRs (40.1% of our patients (n=338) experienced at least one ADR, and 2.2% (n=19) experienced at least two ADRs). The prevalence of ADRs by organ system was: 45.9% neurological (n=164); 29.4% metabolic (blood chemistry) (n=105); 15.4% hematological (n=55). High probable rate of ADR was observed as indicated by the Naranjo score in 83.7% of the cases. Zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) use was identified as a risk factor for either anaemia or peripheral neuropathy whereas nevirapine (NVP) and female gender were risk factors for skin reactions. Patients with advance disease had the highest rate of ADRs compared to the others.Conclusions: Based on the Naranjo probability scale, our data show that ADRs such as peripheral neuropathy and anemia are very frequent. These ADR was linked to AZT and D4T. Our findings highlight the need for active monitoring, continuous pharmacovigilance of ART and change of some ART drug in this population

Diapause disruption in Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet (Lepidoptera, Attacidae), the shea caterpillar, in Burkina Faso

The shea caterpillar Cirina butyrospermi is an important insect, highly valued as a human food item in Burkina Faso. However, its appearance is seasonal due to its univoltine cycle. This study therefore investigated the possibilities of breaking the nymphal diapause by changing the environmental factors and through the hormonal treatment of prepupae and pupae using bovine insulin and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Changes in humidity and temperature did not result in emergence, suggesting a mandatory nature of the diapause in C. butyrospermi. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone between 20 and 40 ng on 20 C. butyrospermi pupae resulted in 15.24 and 47.5% emergence, respectively. The incubation time varied between 40 and 38 days, respectively. No emergence was observed with the injection of bovine insulin. Dipping of C. butyrospermi larvae and pupae in solutions of 20-hydroxyecdysone resulted in similar rates of emergence between the two stages, with slight variations between individual doses: (1) for larvae, emergence was recorded at 10, 8, 5 and 15 mg/l with 98.5, 62.14, 25.73 and 24.16%, respectively; the incubation times varied from 39 days at 5 mg/l to 26 days at 20 mg/l; and (2) for pupae, emergence occurred between 5 and 20 mg/l, with the highest emergence rate recorded at 10, 8 and 15 mg/l with 94.58, 65.83 and 29.58%, respectively; the incubation times varied from 53 days for the lowest dose (5 mg/l) to 37 days (20 mg/l); the best emergence rate of 94.58% coincided with an incubation time of 43 days at 10 mg/l. No emergence was observed beyond 20 mg/l in both stages. Hormonal treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone did not affect the fecundity of C. butyrospermi, with the fecundity of artificially emerging adults overlapping with that of naturally emerging adults. The emergence rate for both was similar. These results contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of this insect, constituting a breakthrough in its sustainable use as human food

Sorghum head-bugs and grain molds in West and Central Africa: I. Host plant resistance and bug–mold interactions on sorghum grains

A regional sorghum head-bug and grain mold resistance trial was conducted in 1996 and 1997 at 15 and 13 research stations located in 10 West and Central African countries, respectively. Two cultivars namely IS 14384 and CGM 39/17-2-2 exhibited consistently high levels of resistance both to head-bugs and grain molds over years and localities. Eurystylus oldi was the dominant head-bug species at all localities except in Benin, Chad and Guinea. Sorghum grain mycoflora varied little between sites with genera Phoma and Fusarium dominating, followed by Curvularia. Efficiency of the insecticidal treatment on head-bug incidence partially confirmed the critical role played by head-bugs in aggravating mold infectio

Arrêt de fréquentation du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point G de Bamako par des patients sous thérapie antirétrovirale : Analyse longitudinale des facteurs de risques

OBJECTIFS : Déterminer la proportion de patients qui sont en arrêt de fréquentation du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) du Point G de Bamako au Mali après leur initiation sous la thérapie antirétrovirale (TAR) et identifier certains facteurs associés à cet arrêt de fréquentation. MÉTHODES : Nous avons analysé les données de suivi longitudinal prospectif des patients initiés sous la TAR au CHU du Point G sur la période du 19 juillet 2004 au 31 juillet 2009. La méthode de Kaplan Meier nous a permis d’identifier la proportion de patients en arrêt de fréquentation du CHU du Point G au cours du temps. Le modèle multivarié de Cox nous a permis d’identifier certains facteurs de risque associés à cet arrêt de fréquentation. RESULTATS : Sur 3042 patients, juste un décès était notifié, 5 transferts étaient notifiés et 2414 patients (79,5%) étaient en arrêt de fréquentation du CHU du Point G. Les facteurs significativement associés à cet arrêt de fréquentation sont : la longue distance entre la résidence du patient et le CHU du Point G (référence=Bamako, Hors de Bamako P<0,001), le sexe masculin (P<0,001), la profession (référence= fonctionnaire, sans-emploi P<0,001, ouvrier P<0,001, autre profession P=0,005), les changements de schéma thérapeutique (référence= patient sans changement de schéma thérapeutique, changement suite à la tuberculose P=0,048, changement suite à la rupture des ARV P=0,026), les patients de 50 ans et plus (référence=40-49 ans P=0,021) et l’année de début du TAR (référence=2004, 2005 P=0,001, 2006 P<0,001, 2007 P=0,017, 2008 P=0,388, 2009 P=0,068). CONCLUSION : Notre étude rapporte un pourcentage élevé de patients en arrêt de fréquentation du CHU du Point G. Nous suggérons d’améliorer les notifications par la mise en place d’une base de données unique, centralisée et accessible à tous les praticiens cliniques impliqués dans la thérapie antirétrovirale au CHU du Point G et d’initier une étude pour connaitre le devenir des patients en arrêt de fréquentation

Enquete Serologique Sur Les Mycoplasmoses Aviaires Chez Les Poules Pondeuses Dans Les Elevages Avicoles Ameliores En Zones Peri-Urbaines Du Mali

Une enqu&#234;te s&#233;rologique a &#233;t&#233; men&#233;e pour d&#233;terminer la pr&#233;valence d&#8217;anticorps contre les mycoplasmoses aviaires chez les poules pondeuses dans les fermes avicoles am&#233;lior&#233;es en zone p&#233;riurbaine des villes de Sikasso, de S&#233;gou et du District de Bamako au Mali. Au total 360 s&#233;rums ont &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;lev&#233;s et analys&#233;s par le test d&#8217;ELISA indirect pour la recherche d&#8217;anticorps contre Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) et Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Les r&#233;sultats obtenus indiquent un taux global de pr&#233;valence de 67,50 % (243/360) pour MS et de 31,39 % (113/360) pour MG. Le District de Bamako a enregistr&#233; les plus forts taux de pr&#233;valence avec respectivement 87,80 % et 41,46 %; tandis que pour Sikasso, ces taux ont &#233;t&#233; respectivement de 51,72 % et 32,76 % et pour S&#233;gou de 71,43 % et 7,94 % respectivement. Puisqu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;heure actuelle, la vaccination contre les mycoplasmoses chez la volaille n&#8217;est pas pratiqu&#233;e au Mali, ces r&#233;sultats refl&#232;tent certainement l&#8217;infection et montrent que ces pathologies pourraient &#234;tre cliniquement importantes dans les fermes avicoles. D&#8217;o&#249; la n&#233;cessit&#233; d&#8217;effectuer des sondages microbiologiques afin d&#8217;&#233;tablir une &#233;pid&#233;miologie plus pr&#233;cise.Mots-cl&#233;s: Mycoplasmoses aviaires, fermes avicoles, pr&#233;valence s&#233;rologique, MaliA serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies against avian mycoplasmoses among layer hens in the semi-intensive poultry farms in peri-urban areas of Sikasso, S&#233;gou and the District of Bamako in Mali. A total of 360 sera were collected and analyzed by indirect ELISA test for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Results showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 67.50 % (243/360) for MS and 31.39 % (113/360) for MG. The District of Bamako has recorded the highest prevalence rates respectively with 87.80 % and 41.46 %. While for Sikasso, these rates were respectively of 51.72 % and 32.76 % and for S&#233;gou they were 71.43% and 7.94 %, respectively. Since vaccination against avian mycoplasmoses is not performed in Mali, these results certainly reflect the presence of the infection and indicate that these pathologies may be clinically important in poultry farms in Mali. Hence the need to carry out microbiological surveys to isolate the Mycoplasma species involved, so that the epidemiology can be specified accurately