Estimation of the Effects of Estradiol Hormone ‎Concentrations on the Activities of Some ‎Clotting Factors (FI, FII, VII,VIII, IX) Involved in ‎Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Common Pathways ‎During Pregnancy

وضعت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة تاثيرات وارتباطات تراكيز هرمون الاستراديول على بعض تراكيز وفعاليات عوامل التخثر الرئيسة (الفايبرينوجين FIوالبروثرومبين FIIوالعامل الثابت FVIIوالعامل المضاد للنزف FVIIIوعامل كريسماس FIX) خلال مراحل الحمل . تضمنت الدراسة اختبار 75 أمرأة من الحوامل خلال مراحل مختلفة من الحمل , وقد قسمت النساء الحوامل الى ثلاث مجاميع طبقا لمراحل الحمل , اذ شملت المجاميع 15 امرأة في كل مجموعة من الطور الاول والثاني والثالث للحمل . كذلك شملت الدراسة اختبار 20 امرأة غير حوامل وغير مرضعات كمجموعة سيطرة.تراوحت جميع اعمار النساء في الدراسة الحالية بين  25 و 35 سنة . بينت تراكيز هرمون الاستروجين ارتفاعا غير معنوي  p<0.05) ) خلال الطور الاول من الحمل واعطت ارتفاعا معنويا p<0.05) )خلال الطور الثاني والثالث من الحمل عند المقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة( غير الحوامل) .اما فيما يخص عوامل التخثر , فقد سجلت تراكيز الفايبرينوجين ارتفاعا معنويا   p<0.05) ) مع تركيز هرمون الاستروجين  في جميع مراحل الحمل وبينت تراكيزه ارتباطا ايجابي مقدارهr=0.714  مع تراكيز هرمون الاستراديولThe present study was conducted to confirm the effects and correlations  of estradiol hormone  on  some major clotting factors (fibrinogen FI , prothrombin FII,  stable factor F VII,  antihemophilic factor FVIII,  and chrismas factor IX) during pregnancy phases.  Seventy five (75) pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy and were sub- divided into third groups according to period of  gestational phases , included twenty five (25) pregnant women in each group (first, second, third trimesters). Twenty (20) volunteer  non-pregnant non-lactating women were involved in this study and used as a control group. All ages of tested  women ( pregnant and non- pregnant) were between 25 year  to 35 year old . Regarding levels of estradiol hormone , they were showed insignificant elevation (p>0.05) during first trimester and remarkable increase (p< 0.05) during second and third trimesters when matched with their counterparts of non- pregnant group. About concentrations of fibrinogen factor (FI) , they were indicated a significant heightening (p< 0.05) during all phases of pregnancy in matching with control group, and these concentrations have a positive correlation (r =0.714) with levels of estradiol.  Activities of prothrombin factor ( F II) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) throughout pregnancy phases than of non- pregnant women , and have a significant positive correlation ( r =0. 532) with estradiol hormone . Levels of stable factor (F VII ) activity indicated insignificant increase  (p> 0.05 ) in first and second trimesters and its activities become increased (p< 0.05) at third trimester in a comparison with those of control group, and pointed out a significant positive correlation ( r = 0.412 ) with estradiol level  .   Estimation of intrinsic pathway activities (antihemophlic factor FVIII and Chrismas factor FIX ) were showed a progressive elevation  (p< 0.05) during first, second, and third trimesters in a comparison with control group, and these activities confirmed a significant positive correlation  (r =0.260 , r =0.632, respectively) with estradiol

Grid Capacity Issues with Distributed Generation

Climate change is more evident than ever as reflected in The European union's environmental directives which say that the carbon emission must be reduced by 20% and 20% of the used energy must come from renewable energy sources until 2020. In Germany political decision has been made that the nuclear power will be replaced by renewable energy in long term. The purpose of the Master Thesis is to investigate how high penetration of photovoltaic affects the electrical grid on a distribution level concerning active power and map the potential for different renewable energy sources in Germany. Using a simulation model and grid data received from E.ON the goal is to map what problems that may occur and evaluate different measures for solving the problems. The data and information collection have been done by interviews and literature studies. The simulation program that has been used is DIGSILENT Power Factory where all the simulations have been static ones. Different load profiles for households have been handed by an internal source in E.ON and evaluated before inserted in the simulations. The studied measures for balancing the active power are battery storages of different technologies, load shifting and biomass power plants. The investigated battery technologies were Li-ion batteries, Lead-acid batteries and Vanadium Redox flow batteries. The main purpose of evaluating three different technologies is the costs for each technology. Battery storages and load shifting have been used for all load profiles, the biomass power plants have been used while the PV output has been low. The results showed that Germany is able to increase its wind and PV output in the future. Implementation of battery storage and load shifting will balance the grid and less power will be taken from the transmission grid. Load shifting is very hard to analyze and utilize but assumed to have low capital costs. Load shifting in households is also a very immature technology. Storing energy is the most effective measure for balancing the active power because of the valuable property to store energy and use when it is needed. But the costs of battery storages are high even if no costs of power electronics were included. Implementation of a 10 MW biomass power plant will balance the active power while low production of PV and high demand

Malnutrition and experimental oral carcinogenesis

The work was undertaken to examine the effects of nutritional deficiencies on cancer induction. Two of the most common and widely distributed nutrients, iron and folic acid, were examined to evaluate the effects of their deficiency on animals. The Syrian golden hamster was the animal model for all experimental work. In the first part of the study an attempt was made to induce iron deficiency in young adult male hamsters by feeding iron deficient diet coupled with repeated venesection of 1.5ml every two weeks. Following twelve weeks on this regime a superficial biopsy was taken, on week 13, from the medial wall of one pouch in each hamster in order to evaluate the effect of iron depletion on the epithelial compartment thicknesses. After allowing the biopsy sites to heal for two weeks, a solution of 0.25% DMBA in acetone was painted, three times per week, for eight weeks, on a defined one square centimetre area in each pouch of each hamster of the experimental and control groups. The hamsters were then maintained on the same dietary regimes for twelve weeks before being killed at the beginning of week 37 for analysis. Iron deficiency anaemia could not be induced in the experimental animals of this study. The effect of the iron deficient diet on epithelial compartment thicknesses at the stage of the biopsy was not clear. However, restriction of iron intake did cause animals to develop significantly fewer grossly seen tumours and histologically identified carcinomas than control animals. In the second part of this thesis an attempt was made to investigate alternative hamster dietary components that have less iron contamination than the diet given in the first part of this thesis. Casein and calcium lactate were the main contributers to iron in the hamster diet. Casein could not be substituted by another source of protein for hamsters. However, other sources for calcium with less iron contamination were available and therefore investigated in this part of the study. Three groups of young adult male and female hamsters were given the fully nourishing powdered diet used in previous studies. However, calcium lactate was substituted for by either calcium acetate, calcium chloride or calcium sulphate in each group. None of the three diets was accepted by the animals and many of them died of starvation. When calcium salts were replaced by calcium lactate the surviving animals accepted the diet and recovered quickly afterwards. This study proved that calcium lactate could not be substituted by any other calcium salt with less iron content and therefore iron contamination in the hamster diet could not be further reduced by this method. In the third part of this thesis the effect of nutritional folate deficiency on cancer induction was studied. A group of young adult female hamsters was given folate deficient diet for four weeks. On week 5, DMBA in acetone at a concentration of 0.25% was painted on a defined one square centimetre area of the medial wall of each pouch in each hamster in folate deficient and control groups. The carcinogen was applied three times per week for eight weeks following which animals were maintained on the same dietary regimes for a further 13 weeks before being killed at the beginning of week 27 for the final analysis of the study. It was found that nutritional folate deficiency had significantly reduced the number of animals developing grossly counted tumours and histologically identified carcinomas. The folate deficient animals also developed significantly less tumours and carcinomas compared to control groups. In the last part of this thesis, the effect of combined iron and folate deficiency was examined for its role in carcinogenesis of the hamster cheek pouch. Two groups of young adult male hamsters were fed powdered diet lacking iron and folic acid and a third group was fed diet lacking iron only. One of the combined deficiency groups and the iron deficiency group were bled 1.0-1.3ml every week. On week 6 of the study DMBA in acetone at a concentration of 0.25% was painted three times per week for eight weeks on the same area of the pouch used in the previous studies. The animals were then maintained on the same experimental regimes for a further eleven weeks before being sacrificed, on week 25, for the final analysis of the study. In this study, iron deficiency anaemia was induced in animals of the bleeding groups. Animals in the group with combined iron and folate deficiency without bleeding showed low normal folate levels and normal haemoglobin levels. The two groups that were bled repeatedly showed iron deficiency anaemia. In all groups, the numbers of tumours counted grossly and the numbers of carcinomas identified histologically were significantly reduced compared to control animals in the previous studies. The folate deficient diet did not appear to influence the induction of iron deficiency. The studies reported in this thesis proved that nutritional folate deficiency not only reduces the incidence, but it also reduces the numbers of tumours and carcinomas in the hamster cheek pouch. Iron deficiency anaemia was also found to significantly reduce the numbers of tumours and carcinomas of the hamster cheek pouch. It was not possible to produce combined iron and folate deficiency under the conditions of these studies. However, animals fed on a diet lacking iron and folic acid had significantly reduced numbers of grossly seen tumours and histologically identified carcinomas in the cheek pouch in response to DMBA applications. In each of the reported studies, the nutritional deficiency of iron and folic acid, whether individually or combined was found to significantly reduce the growth rate of affected animals

Abnormalities of Hormones and Inflammatory Cytokines in Women Affected With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormone disorder of women. Women with PCOs have difficulty to pregnat and have a high levels of  androgens with oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, and obesity. The present study was designed to investigate of some hormones and inflammatory markers of women with PCOS, Their ages ranged between 23-24 years old. Means of luteal hormone (LH) , testosterone, Insulin, and Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in women with PCOs when compared with control women. Concerning means of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol hormone were insignificant different (p>0.05) in affected women with PCOs in acomparison with control. Regarding means of inflammatory cytokines including C- Reactive proteins (CRP), interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and leptin have been showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in women with PCOS in a comparison with healthy control women. Data obtained from the present study indicate that women with PCOS have hormones disturbances associated with insnlin resistance and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines may be in turn aggravate infertility of women with PCOS. Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, infertility

Inflammatory Cytokines, Proteins, and White Blood Cells in Burned Patients Affected with Second and Third Degree of Burn

ترتبط الحروق مع ارتفاع العديد من الفعاليات الايضية  لمختلف اعضاء الجسم. ان ارتفاع العمليات الايضية  تبدء من خلال تنشيط التفاعلات الالتهابية المختلفة والوسائط الخلوية . وظفت الدراسة الحالية لتقييم بعض العوامل الالتهابية والبروتينات وخلايا الدم البيض  لدى الاشخاص المصابين بالحروق الحرارية . كان العدد الكلي للمرضى 60 شخصا مصابا بالحروق الحرارية ومن كلا الجنسين (30 رجلا و30 امراة ), ثم صنف المرضى طبقا لشدة الحروق والجنس الى اربع مجاميع ضمت كل مجموعة 15 شخصا. كما شملت الدراسة اختبار اشخاص اصحاء (15 رجلا و15 امراة ) استخدموا كمجموعة سيطرة .   لوحظ حصول ارتفاع معنويp<0.05)) في قيم بروتين الطور الحاد لدى جميع مرضى الحروق عند مقارنتهم  مع مجاميع السيطرة. كما بينت  قيم تركيز الانترلوكين(IL-6) ارتفاع معنوي لدى جميع فئات المرضى ماعدا الدرجة الثانية, اذ انها لم تؤشر ارتفاع معنوي عند المقارنة مع الاشخاص الاصحاء. امابخصوص قيم البروتين المصلي الكلي والالبومين والكلوبيولين  فقد اظهرت انخفاضا معنويا (p<0.05)في جميع المجاميع المدروسة بالمقارنة مع الاشخاص الاصحاء .  امابشان العدد الكلي لكريات الدم البيض , فقد حققت ارتفاعا معنوياp<0.05) )لدى جميع مرضى الحروق من الدرجة الثانية والثالثة  عند مقارنتها مع الاشخاص الاصحاء. وفيما يخص العدد التفريقي لكريات الدم البيض, فقد تبين ان الجلايا اللمفاوية قد انخفضت معنوياp<0.05) )في جميع المجاميع واما الخلايا الاحادية فقد حققت ارتفاع غير معنوي p>0.05)) في اغلب المرضى ماعدا الرجال المصابين بالحروق من الدرجة الثانية, فقد ارتفعت الخلايا الاحادية لديهم معنويا p<0.05)). بينت التحليلات الاحصائية للخلايا الحبيبية وجود ارتفاع معنوي(p<0.05) في جميع الاشخاص المصابين بالحروق. في حين لوحظ حصول انخفاض معنوي(p<0.05)   في قيم الخلايا الحامضية عند المقارنة مع المجاميع المدروسة. كما لوحظ ارتفاع معنوي(p<0.05)  وغير معنوي p>0.05))  في قيم الخلايا القاعدية لدى مرضى الحروق عند مقارنتهم مع مجاميع الاشخاص الاصحاء .Burns are associated with increasing metabolic activities of the body organs. High metabolism rates are initiated by activation of different inflammatory reactions and cellular mediators( cytokines). The present research was conducted to evaluate the inflammatory markers , proteins , and white blood cells in thermal burned patients . A total number of burned patients was 60 from both sexes ( 30 males and 30 females), then, the patients were classified according to severity of burn into four subgroups , the first burned male group involved 15 burned males affected with second degree of burn, and the second burned male group(15) was affected with third degree of burn . Similarly, the same classification was applied on burned females in this study. Thirty healthy subjects (15 males, 15 females) were selected as control groups. All ages of patients and controls were ranged between 2 5-35 years old.   It was well found that the levels of C- reactive protein ( CRP) were markedly increased ( p < 0 . 05 ) in all patient groups in a comparison with their normal counterparts . Results of interleukin – 6 ( IL-6 ) were significantly heightened ( p< 0. 05) in most burned patient groups except male group affected with second degree of burn ,since, they did not show a significant increase ( p>0.0 5 ). Concentrations of total serum protein , albumin , and globulin were tend to decrease significantly ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) in most burned groups when compared with those healthy control groups.   Regarding total white blood cells (WBCs) count, data obtained from the present study indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) of total WBCs in all burned patient groups as matching with control groups. Furthermore, differential WBCs explained the follow-  ing abnormalities: lymphocyte levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in all patient groups. Inversely, values of monocytes indicated an insignificant elevation (p>0.05) in most burned groups except burned male group affected with third degree of burn which showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in comparison with healthy groups. Statistical analysis of t-test indicated that granulocytes pointed out a significant elevation (p<0.05) Neutrophils level in all studied groups. Inversely, values of eosinophils were signifi- cantly reduced (p<0.05) in most burned groups compared to healthy control groups. Sig- nificant and insignificant decreases were found in the levels of basophils of all burned groups when compared to those of control group.&nbsp

Dev2vec: Representing Domain Expertise of Developers in an Embedding Space

Accurate assessment of the domain expertise of developers is important for assigning the proper candidate to contribute to a project or to attend a job role. Since the potential candidate can come from a large pool, the automated assessment of this domain expertise is a desirable goal. While previous methods have had some success within a single software project, the assessment of a developer's domain expertise from contributions across multiple projects is more challenging. In this paper, we employ doc2vec to represent the domain expertise of developers as embedding vectors. These vectors are derived from different sources that contain evidence of developers' expertise, such as the description of repositories that they contributed, their issue resolving history, and API calls in their commits. We name it dev2vec and demonstrate its effectiveness in representing the technical specialization of developers. Our results indicate that encoding the expertise of developers in an embedding vector outperforms state-of-the-art methods and improves the F1-score up to 21%. Moreover, our findings suggest that ``issue resolving history'' of developers is the most informative source of information to represent the domain expertise of developers in embedding spaces.Comment: 30 pages, 5 figure

Correlation between Packed Cell Volume and ‎Concentration of Clotting Factors FI, FVII, and ‎FVIII in Smokers Polycythemic males in Babylon ‎Province

يمثل التدخين مشكلة عالمية واسعة الانتشار من خلال تأثيراته على مختلف وظائف الجسم. صممت الدراسة الحالية لتقييم تراكيز بعض عوامل التخثر لدى الرجال المدخنين و المصابين بحالة فرط كريات الدم الحمر. شملت  الدراسة 120 رجلاﹰ, 80 منهم كانوا مدخنين ومصابين بفرط الكريات الحمر في حين كان العدد المتبقي 40 رجلاﹰ هم اصحاء غير مصابين. قسم الاشخاص المصابين طبقا  لأعمارهم  الى فئتين عمريتين, الفئة الاولى تراوحت بين 30-40 سنة والفئة الثانية تراوحت بين 41-50 سنة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة ارتفاعا معنويا (p< 0.05) في قيم كل من زمن البروثرومبين PT وزمن الثرومبوبلاستين المفعل جزئيا APTT في كلا الفئتين عند مقارنتها مع الاشخاص الاصحاء. وبخصوص تراكيز عوامل التخثر فقد لوحظ حصول ارتفاع معنوي (p<0.05) في قيم كل من الفايبرينوجين (FI) وقيم عامل مسرع تحويل البروثرومبين (FVII) في كلا المجموعتين وقد حققا ارتباطا موجبا مع قيم حجم الخلايا المضغوط (PCV) (r = 0.437, r = 0.376) على التوالي. في حين لوحظ حصول انخفاض معنوي في قيم العامل المضاد للنزف (FVIII) لدى كلا الفئتين وحقق ارتباطا مع حجم الخلايا المضغوط مقداره (r = 0.292). ان التغيرات الموضحة في اعلاه يمكن ان تعزى بصورة رئيسة الى ان للتدخين تأثيرات ضارة على الجسم لاحتوائه على مواد ذات سمية عالية والتي بدورها تؤثر على الاعضاء الحيوية للجسم مؤدية الى حصول اضطرابات وظيفية خاصة في عمليات الاتزان الدمويSmoking represents a worldwide problem and affects various body functions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the available concentration of some clotting factors in smokers polycythemic male patients. A total number of subjects was 120, 80 smokers males were affected with polycythemia and the remainders 40 males were healthy and served as a control group. The polycythemic patients were subdivided into two groups according to their ages (first group ranged between 30-40 years old and the second group ranged between 41-50 years old). PCV, clotting factor (FI, FVII and FVIII) were detected. The results of present study indicated that the levels of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastine time (APTT) were significantly increased (p˂ 0.05) in both groups of polycythemia in comparison with control group. Regarding concentration of fibrinogen factor (FI) and serum prothrombin conversion accelerator factor (FVII) were elevated (P˂ 0.05) in both groups and pointed  out a positive correlation (r = 0.437, r = 0.378, respectively) with packed cell volume (PCV) when compared with those of control group. On the other hand, concentration of antihemophilic factor (FVIII) recorded a significant fall (p˂ 0.05) in both tested groups and indicated a low correlation (r = 0.292). The possible explanation to the changes mentioned above is based on the fact that confirm smoking is a dangerous material containing different toxic substances that affect the vital organs of the body and induce abnormalities of hemostatic mechanis

A study of Some Hormones and Antioxidant ‎Systems Disturbances in Older Men

تتميز ظاهرة التقدم بالعمر بحصول العديد من الاضطرابات خاصة في الميكانيكيات الفسلجية اللازمة  لإدامة الاتزان البدني. وضعت الدراسة الحالية لبحث منظومتين يعتقد انهما ذات اهمية في حصول تقدم العمر وهما بعض الهرمونات ومضادات الاكسدة .شمل العدد الكلي لأشخاص الدراسة انتخاب خمسون رجلا من الاصحاء وقد قسموا حسب اعمارهم الى مجموعتين شملت المجموعة الاولى خمس وعشرين رجلا من الشباب(Younger men) تراوحت اعمارهم بين21- 30 سنه في حين شملت المجموعة الثانية خمس عشرون رجلا مسنا ( Older men) تراوحت اعمارهم بين 61-   70 سنة . سجلت النتائج المستحصلة من الدراسة الحالية حصول انخفاض معنوي (p˂0.05)  في مستوى الهرمون المحفز للدرقية(TSH)  وبنفس الوقت حصول ارتفاع معنوي (p˂0.05) في مستوى هرموني الدرقية(T3,T4) عند الاشخاص المسنين عند مقارنتهم مع الاشخاص الشباب  , وبخصوص  هرموني التستوستيرون (Testosterone) والكورتيزول (Cortisol) ,فقد بينت النتائج حصول انخفاض معنوي  (p˂0.05) في تراكيز كلا الهرمونين في الرجال المسنين عند مقارنتهم مع الرجال غير المسنين ( الشباب) . سجلت قيم مركب المالونديهايد (MDA) ارتفاعا معنويا (p˂0.05) لدى الرجال المسنين عند مقارنتهم مع الرجال الشباب في حين لوحظ حصول انخفاض معنوي في مستوى العوامل المضادة للأكسدة  مثل  الكلوتاثيون  بيروكسيديز    (GPX)     والكلوثايون   المختزل   (GSH)  والكاتليز(Catalase) لدى الرجال المسنين عند مقارنتهم مع الرجال الشباب . كما بينت النتائج عدم حصول ارتباط معنوي (p>0.05) بين كل من هرموني T3 و هرمون Testosterone من جهة و مركب MDA وفعالية  انزيم GPX من جهة اخرى  .                           من النتائج المستحصلة من هذه الدراسة يمكن الاستنتاج بانه مع تقدم العمر تحصل العديد من الاضطرابات والتقلبات في محاور جسم  تحت المهاد و الدرقية والكظرية والتي تكون مصحوبة بانخفاض المنظومات المضادة للأكسدة والتي قد تودي الى ارتفاع مستوى الجذور الحرة والتي بدورها تسبب اضطراب للعديد من الوظائف  الفسلجية للجسم على مستوى الاجهزة والخلايا     Ageing is a physiological phenomenon that manifested itself with disturbances of many homeostatic regulating mechanisms of the body . The present study was conducted and employed to investigate two major systems( hormones and antioxidant systems) that can be implicated in progress of aging .The total number of subjects included in the present study was fifty (50) healthy men and classified according to their ages into two groups, the first group included 25 younger men (control group) and their ages ranged between 21 to 30 years old whereas the second group included 25 older men and their ages were between 61 to 70 years old.  Data obtained from this study indicated a significant decrease(p<0.05) in the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which is associated with marked elevation (p<0.05) of triiodothyronine(T3) and tetraiodothyronine(T4) of older men when compared with younger men. In regard to levels of cortisol and testosterone hormones were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in aged men when matched with their counterparts of younger men.  Concerning concentrations of malondehyde (MDA) ,a final product of lipid peroxidation, confirmed a remarkable elevation (p<0.05) in older men compared to younger men and these results were associated with significant lowering (p<0.05) in the activities of antioxidant components including glutathione peroxidase (GPX), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase . In addition , there are no significant  correlations(p>0.05) occurring among hormones( testosterone  , T3) and glutathione peroxidase and of malondehyde .   From these results ,one can be concluded that with ageing there are many disturbances and fluctuations of hypothalamic-adrenal and thyroid axis that accompanied with drop of essential antioxidant components that may be lead to suppress of defense against free radicals and the present study concluded that the changes occurring in studied hormones have not relations and effects on the antioxidant systems

The use of interactive models to formulate managers problems and to identify decision aids

This thesis describes a research inquiry into models which could be used in an interactive manner for formulating problems and exploring manager's needs for decision aids. It reviews a wide range of literature in Operational Research Methodology, Models and Games, and then argues the case that what managers want are models which could allow them to reflect on the way they manage process and not those which simulate that process. A two phase practical study was carried out in association with two departments of a large organisation in which a group of managers were interested in the basic aims of the study and willing to cooperate. The aim was to research their managerial environment, seeking ways to improve management control of the processes which they do not directly involve themselves in, except by managing those who do.In phase one, Bowen's Problem Formulation Methodology was used to structure and feed back the data obtained from managers. The Methodology proved to be a very effective tool to help both the Operational Researcher and the Problem Owners to communicate and identify potential problem areas and failures in communications and purposeful actions. In phase two, a computer - based system was developed for the General Manager of one department to help him in the recording of and access to essential features of his current problems and communications about them. The system could be extended as a planning schedule and process control held in common by a management group, a decision support system for the department as a whole.<p

Application of RAPD-PCR technology in determining the genetic variation of local cows in Babylon Governorate

تهدف الدراسة الحالية لايجاد الابعاد الوراثية مابين سلالتين من الابقار العراقية الموجوده في محافظة بابل (سلالة الرستاكي المحلي و الفريزيان المهجن مع المحلي). استخدمت تقنية التضخيم العشوائي لجزيئات الDNA &nbsp;بعد عمل استخلاص لل DNA &nbsp;من دم الابقار المذكورة انفا، وتم استخدام ستة بوادئ في هذه الدراسة.&nbsp; تم فحص نواتج ال PCR والذي استعمل لتضخيم الحامض النووي الرايبوزي منقوص الاوكسجين بواسطة الترحيل الكهربائي على هلام الاكاروز (Agaros gel)، حيث اخذ ناتج ال PCR، وحل على هلام الاكاروز 0.8% وذلك لمعرفة نوعية الحزم وتركيزها. نجحت البوادئ المستخدمة في تقنية الRAPD-PCR &nbsp;في تضخيم اجزاء الDNA &nbsp;للسلالتين السابقة الذكر. مقدار البعد الوراثي مابين السلالتين (1.25±0.8)، في حين قدرت النسبة المئوية للاختلاف بين سلالة الهولشتاين فريزيان&nbsp; المهجن والرستاكي المحلي وباستخدام كل البوادئ فكانت &nbsp;(63.3±1.33).The present study to find out the genetic distance between two breeds from Babylon cattle (Holstein crossbred with local breed and Restaky local breed). Polymer chain reaction DNA were used after DNA extraction from the blood of cattle, six primers were used in this study. The results of PCR were checked by used gel agaros, where taking the results of PCR and lowed on 0.8% from gel agaros to find out the quality and concentration of DNA. All the primers that used in RAPD-PCR technique for DNA extraction to two breeds were succeeded, (1.25±0.8). The overall average genetic distance was 1.25±0.8 between these two breeds, while the average percentage differences were estimated for all primers to these two breeds (63.3±1.33)