292 research outputs found
EAS development curve at energy of 10(16) - 10(18) eV measured by optical Cerenkov light
The data of optical Cerenkov light from extensive air shower observed at the core distance more than 1 Km at Akeno are reexamined. Applying the new simulated results, the shower development curves for the individual events were constructed. For the showers of 10 to 17th power eV the average depth at the shower maximum is determined to be 660 + or - 40 gcm/2. The shower curve of average development is found to be well described by a Gaisser-Hillas shower development function with above shower maximum depth
Distribution of dust clouds around the central engine of NGC 1068
We studied the distribution of dust clouds around the central engine of NGC
1068 based on shifted-and-added 8.8 - 12.3 micron (MIR) multi-filter images and
3.0 - 3.9 micron (L-band) spectra obtained with the Subaru Telescope. In a
region of 100 pc (1.4") around the central peak, we successfully constructed
maps of color temperatures and emissivities of the MIR and L-band continua as
well as the 9.7 micron and 3.4 micron dust features with spatial resolutions of
26 pc (0.37") in the MIR and 22 pc (0.3") in the L-band. Our main results are:
1) color temperature of the MIR continuum scatters around the thermal
equilibrium temperature with the central engine as the heat source while that
of the L-band continuum is higher and independent upon distance from the
central engine; 2) the peak of the 9.7 micron silicate absorption feature is
shifted to a longer wavelength at some locations; 3) the ratio of the optical
depths of the dust features is different from the Galactic values and show
complicated spatial distribution; and 4) there is a pie shaped warm dust cloud
as an enhancement in the emissivity of the MIR continuum extending about 50 pc
to the north from the central engine. We speculate that material falls into the
central engine through this cloud.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication on Ap
Consumers' expectations for product lifetimes of consumer durables
Product lifetimes are a relevant topic of discussion towards establishing a circular economy, particularly in terms of the reduction of environmental impacts by improving product longevity. Various researchers have developed models to estimate actual lifetimes and have reported case studies for some product categories (e.g. electrical and electronic equipment, and vehicles). However, actual lifetimes may not necessarily meet consumers' expectations. Therefore, an integration of the two perspectives—actual and expected product lifetimes—should prove helpful in optimizing product lifetimes. We proposed different definitions of expected product lifetimes from the consumer perspective and then investigated consumer expectations of the product lifetimes of consumer durables according to these definitions. Several types of EEE were examined as case studies, and questionnaire surveys were conducted. We found that exp ected lifetimes varied according to the definition used. Expected product life-times should be measured by using clearly defined terms to analyse the gaps between actual product lifetimes and consumer expectations
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Differential gene expression in the murine gastric fundus lacking interstitial cells of Cajal.
BACKGROUND: The muscle layers of murine gastric fundus have no interstitial cells of Cajal at the level of the myenteric plexus and only possess intramuscular interstitial cells and this tissue does not generate electric slow waves. The absence of intramuscular interstitial cells in W/WV mutants provides a unique opportunity to study the molecular changes that are associated with the loss of these intercalating cells. METHOD: The gene expression profile of the gastric fundus of wild type and W/WV mice was assayed by murine microarray analysis displaying a total of 8734 elements. Queried genes from the microarray analysis were confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Twenty-one genes were differentially expressed in wild type and W/WV mice. Eleven transcripts had 2.0-2.5 fold higher mRNA expression in W/WV gastric fundus when compared to wild type tissues. Ten transcripts had 2.1-3.9 fold lower expression in W/WV mutants in comparison with wild type animals. None of these genes have ever been implicated in any bowel motility function. CONCLUSIONS: These data provides evidence that several important genes have significantly changed in the murine fundus of W/WV mutants that lack intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and have reduced enteric motor neurotransmission
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Differential gene expression profile in the small intestines of mice lacking pacemaker interstitial cells of Cajal.
BACKGROUND: We previously identified eight known and novel genes differentially expressed in the small intestines of wild type and W/WV mice, which have greatly reduced populations of the interstitial cells of Cajal, that are responsible for the generation of electrical slow waves, by using a differential gene display method. METHODS: By using the same method we isolated additional candidate genes that were specifically down- or up-regulated in W/WV mice. Novel transcripts were designated as DDWMEST. RESULTS: We isolated seven candidates that were specifically down- or up-regulated in W/WV mice. Two novel transcripts, DDWMEST 1 and -91 were increased in both fed and fasted W/WV mice. Expression of another five genes was suppressed in W/WV mice: ARG2 (Arginase II), ONZIN (encoding leukemia inhibitory factor regulated protein), and three novel transcripts: DDWMEST62, -84, and -100. Together with the previous report, we identified fifteen differentially expressed genes in total in the small intestines of W/WV mice. Eight of these genes were reduced in the jejunums of W/WV mice compared to age matched wild type mice, whereas the other seven genes showed an increase in expression. Differential expression was the same in fasted and fed animals, suggesting that the differences were independent of the dietetic state of the animal. CONCLUSIONS: Several known and novel genes are differentially expressed in the small intestines of W/WV mice. Differential gene comparison might contribute to our understanding of motility disorders associated with the loss of the interstitial cells of Cajal.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are
Polarimetric Imaging of Large Cavity Structures in the Pre-transitional Protoplanetary Disk around PDS 70: Observations of the disk
We present high resolution H-band polarized intensity (PI; FWHM = 0."1: 14
AU) and L'-band imaging data (FWHM = 0."11: 15 AU) of the circumstellar disk
around the weak-lined T Tauri star PDS 70 in Centaurus at a radial distance of
28 AU (0."2) up to 210 AU (1."5). In both images, a giant inner gap is clearly
resolved for the first time, and the radius of the gap is ~70 AU. Our data show
that the geometric center of the disk shifts by ~6 AU toward the minor axis. We
confirm that the brown dwarf companion candidate to the north of PDS 70 is a
background star based on its proper motion. As a result of SED fitting by Monte
Carlo radiative transfer modeling, we infer the existence of an optically thick
inner disk at a few AU. Combining our observations and modeling, we classify
the disk of PDS 70 as a pre-transitional disk. Furthermore, based on the
analysis of L'-band imaging data, we put an upper limit mass of companions at
~30 to ~50MJ within the gap. Taking account of the presence of the large and
sharp gap, we suggest that the gap could be formed by dynamical interactions of
sub-stellar companions or multiple unseen giant planets in the gap.Comment: accepted by APJ
Constraining the Movement of the Spiral Features and the Locations of Planetary Bodies within the AB Aur System
We present new analysis of multi-epoch, H-band, scattered light images of the
AB Aur system. We used a Monte Carlo, radiative transfer code to simultaneously
model the system's SED and H-band polarized intensity imagery. We find that a
disk-dominated model, as opposed to one that is envelope dominated, can
plausibly reproduce AB Aur's SED and near-IR imagery. This is consistent with
previous modeling attempts presented in the literature and supports the idea
that at least a subset of AB Aur's spirals originate within the disk. In light
of this, we also analyzed the movement of spiral structures in multi-epoch
H-band total light and polarized intensity imagery of the disk. We detect no
significant rotation or change in spatial location of the spiral structures in
these data, which span a 5.8 year baseline. If such structures are caused by
disk-planet interactions, the lack of observed rotation constrains the location
of the orbit of planetary perturbers to be >47 AU.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Accepted to Ap
One for All—A Highly Efficient and Versatile Method for Fluorescent Immunostaining in Fish Embryos
Background: For the detection and sub-cellular (co)-localization of proteins in the context of the tissue or organism immunostaining in whole mount preparations or on sections is still the best approach. So far, each antibody required its own fixation and antigen retrieval protocol so that optimizing immunostaining turned out to be tedious and time consuming. Methodology/Principal Finding: Here we present a novel method to efficiently retrieve the antigen in a widely applicable standard protocol, facilitating fluorescent immunostaining of both cryosections and whole mount preparations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes). Conclusions/Significance: Our method overcomes the loss of sections and damage of tissue and cell morphology, and allows parallel immunostaining in multiple colors, co-immunostaining with fluorescent proteins in transgenic fish lines and in combination with whole mount in situ hybridization
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