16 research outputs found

    L'administration du secours direct durant la crise des annĂ©es 1930 Ă  MontrĂ©al : les enquĂȘtes de 1937

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    Dans la sociĂ©tĂ© montrĂ©alaise du dĂ©but du siĂšcle, les annĂ©es qui couvrent la Crise Ă©conomique sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement marquĂ©es par les mauvaises conditions de vie des populations ouvriĂšres. De nombreux ouvrages dĂ©crivent ces mauvaises conditions de vie. Cependant, les contraintes administratives liĂ©es Ă  cette situation Ă©conomique difficile, spĂ©cialement en milieu urbain et industriel, ont amenĂ© l'Ă©mergence de structures de soutien financier, notamment l'instauration du secours direct. Les diffĂ©rents organismes de charitĂ© prĂ©sents au dĂ©but de la crise, et mĂȘme avant pour plusieurs d'entre eux, ont pris en charge le secours aux plus dĂ©munis de la population. DĂ©passĂ©s par la lourdeur de la tĂąche, les organismes sociaux et religieux sont incapables de soutenir Ă  eux seuls la population nĂ©cessiteuse. Les instances gouvernementales doivent prendre le relai. FinancĂ© par les paliers gouvernementaux fĂ©dĂ©ral et provincial, c'est au municipal que revient la tĂąche de distribuer le secours direct, selon ce qui Ă©tait prescrit Ă  l'Acte de l'AmĂ©rique du Nord Britannique. L'implantation de cette mesure d'aide financiĂšre a des impacts importants sur l'administration de la ville et sur son systĂšme; de nombreuses questions sont ainsi soulevĂ©es sur la maniĂšre la plus rentable pour rĂ©ussir Ă  faire cette distribution. La ville de MontrĂ©al s'est donc retrouvĂ©e avec l'obligation d'aider la population Ă  traverser ces durs moments. La Commission du chĂŽmage de MontrĂ©al a donc Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©e prĂ©cipitamment en 1933 puis modifiĂ©e en 1934 pour mieux rĂ©pondre aux diffĂ©rentes obligations administratives afin de pouvoir recevoir l'aide gouvernementale versĂ©e pour les sans-emploi. Durant les annĂ©es 1936- 1937, des plaintes sont formulĂ©es au conseil de la ville et dans les quotidiens de l'Ă©poque, particuliĂšrement envers le dirigeant de cette commission, le gĂ©nĂ©ral Panet et envers son administration. Deux enquĂȘtes seront menĂ©es pour faire la lumiĂšre sur la gestion de la distribution du secours direct, l'une municipale nommĂ©e par le conseil et menĂ©e par l'Ă©chevin Brien et une seconde mise en place par les autoritĂ©s gouvernementales et menĂ©e par l'enquĂȘteur AubĂ© de la SĂ»retĂ© provinciale. Ces deux enquĂȘtes nous permettent de mieux comprendre les contraintes administratives liĂ©es Ă  la distribution du secours direct et les dĂ©cisions qui seront prises par la suite. Cette idĂ©e de remettre de l'argent sans qu'aucun travail n'y soit associĂ©, est plutĂŽt contraire Ă  la mentalitĂ© de l'Ă©poque et pourtant elle s'avĂšre essentielle pour la survie de nombreuses familles. Une grande distinction doit ĂȘtre faite entre cette mesure de contrĂŽle social qui doit rester temporaire et la charitĂ© qui est nĂ©cessaire dans certains cas et pour une plus longue durĂ©e. Pour avoir une gestion plus efficace, c'est au niveau de l'administration du secours direct que des changements doivent ĂȘtre apportĂ©s pour la rendre plus efficace et moins couteuse Ă  opĂ©rer. Certaines conclusions viennent mentionner le manque d'uniformitĂ© dans la mise en application de cette aide; cette mesure locale est une mesure sociale qui doit ĂȘtre prise au sĂ©rieux par les autoritĂ©s gouvernementales. Cette mesure devrait ĂȘtre mieux dĂ©finie pour une application commune Ă  l'Ă©chelle nationale, car elle est directement liĂ©e Ă  l'emploi et donc Ă  l'Ă©conomie qui elle est quant Ă  elle gĂ©rĂ©e par des mesures centrales et nationales. Le maire de MontrĂ©al va procĂ©der rapidement Ă  des changements dans son administration afin d'amĂ©liorer la situation de son administration, bien que les deux enquĂȘtes ne soient pas terminĂ©es. Ces derniĂšres ne seront jamais revues en profondeurs puisque les changements opĂ©rĂ©s dans l'administration de la ville n'attendent pas leurs conclusions pour agir.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : assistance, MontrĂ©al, Commission chĂŽmage de MontrĂ©al, secours direct, enquĂȘte provinciale, commission d'enquĂȘte municipal

    Rapports de developpement durables de societies Canadiennes exploitant des ressources naturelles: qu'en est-il?

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    L’objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude est d’analyser certaines caractĂ©ristiques des rapports de dĂ©veloppement durable de sociĂ©tĂ©s canadiennes exploitant des ressources naturelles. Les caractĂ©ristiques Ă©tudiĂ©es sont les parties prenantes ciblĂ©es, les indicateurs de performance divulguĂ©s, l’ampleur de l’information Ă  caractĂšre nĂ©gatif divulguĂ©e et le type d’assurance fournie

    Validity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnoses in a large administrative database,”

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    H ealth authorities (often the payers of health care) create and maintain administrative databases by compiling claims data sets. Claims data include the patient diagnosis that motivated the provision of services and the charges paid for the services provided. Typically, the database includes patient demographics and patient-level data about their use of health care resources. Administrators and health care researchers can access the information in these databases to ascertain resource use, even if it involved several providers and health care centres (1-3). When one payer reimburses all health care provisions, these databases afford the opportunity to conduct large populationbased observational studies with minimal referral bias, nonresponse and drop-outs. Similar to other investigators, we were interested in exploiting such a database for a series of studies that could answer health services questions (eg, utilization or quality of care) and clinical questions related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Before doing so, we considered the underlying validity of the diagnoses included in the database. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to determine the extent to which the principal diagnoses of COPD made in hospitalized patients and recorded in a large administrative database were valid, ie, corroborated by clinical history (including smoking status) and pulmonary function tests

    Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial.

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    BACKGROUND: Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes are a high-risk population who are recommended to strive for optimal glucose control, but neonatal outcomes attributed to maternal hyperglycaemia remain suboptimal. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on maternal glucose control and obstetric and neonatal health outcomes. METHODS: In this multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, we recruited women aged 18-40 years with type 1 diabetes for a minimum of 12 months who were receiving intensive insulin therapy. Participants were pregnant (≀13 weeks and 6 days' gestation) or planning pregnancy from 31 hospitals in Canada, England, Scotland, Spain, Italy, Ireland, and the USA. We ran two trials in parallel for pregnant participants and for participants planning pregnancy. In both trials, participants were randomly assigned to either CGM in addition to capillary glucose monitoring or capillary glucose monitoring alone. Randomisation was stratified by insulin delivery (pump or injections) and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The primary outcome was change in HbA1c from randomisation to 34 weeks' gestation in pregnant women and to 24 weeks or conception in women planning pregnancy, and was assessed in all randomised participants with baseline assessments. Secondary outcomes included obstetric and neonatal health outcomes, assessed with all available data without imputation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01788527. FINDINGS: Between March 25, 2013, and March 22, 2016, we randomly assigned 325 women (215 pregnant, 110 planning pregnancy) to capillary glucose monitoring with CGM (108 pregnant and 53 planning pregnancy) or without (107 pregnant and 57 planning pregnancy). We found a small difference in HbA1c in pregnant women using CGM (mean difference -0·19%; 95% CI -0·34 to -0·03; p=0·0207). Pregnant CGM users spent more time in target (68% vs 61%; p=0·0034) and less time hyperglycaemic (27% vs 32%; p=0·0279) than did pregnant control participants, with comparable severe hypoglycaemia episodes (18 CGM and 21 control) and time spent hypoglycaemic (3% vs 4%; p=0·10). Neonatal health outcomes were significantly improved, with lower incidence of large for gestational age (odds ratio 0·51, 95% CI 0·28 to 0·90; p=0·0210), fewer neonatal intensive care admissions lasting more than 24 h (0·48; 0·26 to 0·86; p=0·0157), fewer incidences of neonatal hypoglycaemia (0·45; 0·22 to 0·89; p=0·0250), and 1-day shorter length of hospital stay (p=0·0091). We found no apparent benefit of CGM in women planning pregnancy. Adverse events occurred in 51 (48%) of CGM participants and 43 (40%) of control participants in the pregnancy trial, and in 12 (27%) of CGM participants and 21 (37%) of control participants in the planning pregnancy trial. Serious adverse events occurred in 13 (6%) participants in the pregnancy trial (eight [7%] CGM, five [5%] control) and in three (3%) participants in the planning pregnancy trial (two [4%] CGM and one [2%] control). The most common adverse events were skin reactions occurring in 49 (48%) of 103 CGM participants and eight (8%) of 104 control participants during pregnancy and in 23 (44%) of 52 CGM participants and five (9%) of 57 control participants in the planning pregnancy trial. The most common serious adverse events were gastrointestinal (nausea and vomiting in four participants during pregnancy and three participants planning pregnancy). INTERPRETATION: Use of CGM during pregnancy in patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with improved neonatal outcomes, which are likely to be attributed to reduced exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia. CGM should be offered to all pregnant women with type 1 diabetes using intensive insulin therapy. This study is the first to indicate potential for improvements in non-glycaemic health outcomes from CGM use. FUNDING: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, Canadian Clinical Trials Network, and National Institute for Health Research

    PP68 Indicators From The Real World Data To Improve Opioid Use

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    A new cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Escherichia coli producing CNF2 blocks HeLa cell division in G2/M phase

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    Escherichia coli strain 1404, isolated from a septicaemic calf, carries a transferable plasmid called pVir which codes for the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 (CNF2). A 4h interaction between strain 1404 and HeLa cells induced the formation of giant mononucleated cells blocked in G2/M phase. Mating experiments between strain 1404 and a non-pathogenic recipient strain demonstrated that the factor(s) encoded by pVir mediated the cell-cycle arrest. A 3.3 kb DNA fragment isolated from a DNA bank of pVir was shown to code for the factor(s) causing the cell-cycle arrest. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of three genes encoding proteins sharing significant amino acid homology with the cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) previously isolated from E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella dysenteriae. Southern hybridization experiments demonstrated that the pVir of other CNF2-producing E. coli strains contained sequences related to cdt. Although the amino acid sequences amongst CDT diverged significantly, the two other CDTs previously isolated from E. coli were also able to block the HeLa cell cycle. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the mode of action of CDT and will help us to elucidate the role of this emerging toxin family in microbial pathogenesis

    RĂ©ponses comportementales de cerfs de Virginie Ă  la suite de la construction d’une autoroute traversant leur aire d’hivernage au QuĂ©bec

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    Des clĂŽtures hautes de 2,4 m, 5 passages infĂ©rieurs pour la faune et 30 sautoirs ont Ă©tĂ© amĂ©nagĂ©s sur 6,5 km d’un nouveau tronçon d’autoroute traversant l’aire d’hivernage de cerfs de Virginie de la riviĂšre Calway, en Beauce. Un suivi de 7 ans, commencĂ© environ 1 an avant le dĂ©but des premiers travaux, a portĂ© sur les effets de cette route sur l’utilisation de l’habitat hivernal par les cerfs et sur l’efficacitĂ© des mesures d’attĂ©nuation. Ces mesures se sont avĂ©rĂ©es efficaces pour limiter le nombre de collisions impliquant le cerf et elles devraient ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es aux futurs projets routiers. Les passages fauniques ont tous Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s par les cerfs soit durant la pĂ©riode d’hivernage (1), soit durant les migrations (4). De façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, les cerfs sont restĂ©s fidĂšles Ă  leur habitat hivernal, mais les individus qui occupaient l’emprise avant son dĂ©boisement ont modifiĂ© l’emplacement et la superficie de leur domaine vital. La superficie et le recouvrement interannuel du ravage n’ont pas changĂ© significativement pendant notre Ă©tude, ni non plus la proportion des cerfs rĂ©sidents et migrateurs. Pour ces derniers, la prĂ©sence de la nouvelle route n’a pas semblĂ© affecter le lieu de migration estivale. Aucun cerf suivi n’a Ă©tĂ© victime de collision routiĂšre. La principale cause de mortalitĂ© des cerfs pendant notre Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© la chasse sportive
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