Molecular Evolution and Stress and Phytohormone Responsiveness of SUT Genes in Gossypium hirsutum

Sucrose transporters (SUTs) play key roles in allocating the translocation of assimilates from source to sink tissues. Although the characteristics and biological roles of SUTs have been intensively investigated in higher plants, this gene family has not been functionally characterized in cotton. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of SUT genes in the tetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum. A total of 18 G. hirsutum SUT genes were identified and classified into three groups based on their evolutionary relationships. Up to eight SUT genes in G. hirsutum were placed in the dicot-specific SUT1 group, while four and six SUT genes were, respectively, clustered into SUT4 and SUT2 groups together with members from both dicot and monocot species. The G. hirsutum SUT genes within the same group displayed similar exon/intron characteristics, and homologous genes in G. hirsutum At and Dt subgenomes, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii exhibited one-to-one relationships. Additionally, the duplicated genes in the diploid and polyploid cotton species have evolved through purifying selection, suggesting the strong conservation of SUT loci in these species. Expression analysis in different tissues indicated that SUT genes might play significant roles in cotton fiber elongation. Moreover, analyses of cis-acting regulatory elements in promoter regions and expression profiling under different abiotic stress and exogenous phytohormone treatments implied that SUT genes, especially GhSUT6A/D, might participate in plant responses to diverse abiotic stresses and phytohormones. Our findings provide valuable information for future studies on the evolution and function of SUT genes in cotton

Judgment and Analysis on the Success & Failure of Modern Sericultural Industry Development

Firstly, the basic core of judgment and analysis on the success and failure of modern sericultural industry development is introduced. The cocoon silk is the original reference to judge the success and failure of modern sericultural industry development. And the cocoon weight of per unit mulberry is the core index to judge the comprehensive production efficiency and the success or failure of sericultural industry, while the consistence between characteristics of decision index and production technology is the main way to judge the success or failure of sericultural industry. Secondly, the new characteristics of modern sericultural industry development and change have been analyzed. The primitive consciousness and basic goal of modern sericultural industry production show diversification, so the original reference of judgment is not single. The new development orientation of modern sericultural industry is production systems, besides, the effect of rural labor force becomes more important, becomes the main factor which restricts the sustainable development of modern sericultural industry, and then the new features of judgment index system are explored. ① Allosteric characteristics of main index system. The production efficiency of rural unit labor is the main basis for judging the success or failure of modern sericulture industry development. ②Index property of production technical system. The research and developing direction of new technology change with the change of production system, besides, the simple silkworm rearing technique is adopted. The sericulture production is changed from dispersed development to intensivism development. ③The index property of quality management system. The quality index of production of silkworm egg has limitation, so producing high quality cocoon is the basic purpose of modern sericultural industry production. The quality regulation and guidance are implemented in production process, besides; the fair transaction mode of cocoon is established.④ Index property of operation and regulation system. Giving suitable amount silkworm eggs is the basic requirements of regulation and control operation, so popularize use good cocooning frames is an important link. ⑤Index property of market interest system. The leading market with stable steady revenue should be created and the characteristic products should be produced to obtain high market returns

Road Network Extraction from Low-Frequency Trajectories Based on a Road Structure-Aware Filter

Many studies have utilized global navigation satellite system (such as global positioning system (GPS)) trajectories in order to successfully infer road networks because such data can reveal the geometry and development of a road network, can be obtained in a timely manner, and updated on a low budget. Unfortunately, existing studies for inferring road networks from vehicle traces suffer from low accuracy, especially in dense urban regions and locations with complex structures, such as roundabouts, overpasses, and complex intersections. This study presents a novel two-stage approach for inferring road networks from trajectory points and capturing road geometry with better accuracy. First, a lane structure-aware filter is proposed to cluster vehicle trajectories influenced by high noise and outliers in order to reveal the continuous structure points of lane curves from massive trajectory points. Second, a road tracing operator is utilized to segment the road network geometry by inserting new vertices and segments to a vigorous vertex in the heading of the structure points that are extracted in the first step. Experimental results demonstrate the increased accuracy of the extracted roads and show that the proposed method exhibits strong robustness to noise and various sampling rates

Judgment and Analysis on the Success & Failure of Modern Sericultural Industry Development

Firstly, the basic core of judgment and analysis on the success and failure of modern sericultural industry development is introduced. The cocoon silk is the original reference to judge the success and failure of modern sericultural industry development. And the cocoon weight of per unit mulberry is the core index to judge the comprehensive production efficiency and the success or failure of sericultural industry, while the consistence between characteristics of decision index and production technology is the main way to judge the success or failure of sericultural industry. Secondly, the new characteristics of modern sericultural industry development and change have been analyzed. The primitive consciousness and basic goal of modern sericultural industry production show diversification, so the original reference of judgment is not single. The new development orientation of modern sericultural industry is production systems, besides, the effect of rural labor force becomes more important, becomes the main factor which restricts the sustainable development of modern sericultural industry, and then the new features of judgment index system are explored. ① Allosteric characteristics of main index system. The production efficiency of rural unit labor is the main basis for judging the success or failure of modern sericulture industry development. ②Index property of production technical system. The research and developing direction of new technology change with the change of production system, besides, the simple silkworm rearing technique is adopted. The sericulture production is changed from dispersed development to intensivism development. ③The index property of quality management system. The quality index of production of silkworm egg has limitation, so producing high quality cocoon is the basic purpose of modern sericultural industry production. The quality regulation and guidance are implemented in production process, besides; the fair transaction mode of cocoon is established.④ Index property of operation and regulation system. Giving suitable amount silkworm eggs is the basic requirements of regulation and control operation, so popularize use good cocooning frames is an important link. ⑤Index property of market interest system. The leading market with stable steady revenue should be created and the characteristic products should be produced to obtain high market returns.Sericulture industry, Development decision, Index system, Values, China, Industrial Organization, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

An Efficient Hybrid Model for Nonlinear Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Low-Permeability Reservoir

The staged fracturing horizontal well has proven to be an attractive alternative for improving the development effect of a low permeability waterflood reservoir. Due to the coexistence of matrix, fracture, and horizontal wellbore, it remains a great challenge to accurately simulate the nonlinear flow behaviors in fractured porous media. Using a discrete fracture model to reduce the dimension of the fracture network, a two-parameter model is used to describe the nonlinear two-phase flow behavior, and the equivalent pipe flow equation is selected to estimate the horizontal wellbore pressure drop in the fractured low-permeability reservoir. A hybrid mathematical model for the nonlinear two-phase flow, including the effect of horizontal wellbore pressure drop in fractured porous media, is developed. A numerical scheme of the hybrid model is derived using the mimetic finite difference method and finite volume method. With a staggered five-spot flood system, the accuracy of the proposed model and the effect of fracture properties on nonlinear two-phase flow behaviors are further investigated. The results also show that with an increase of fracture length near injectors, the breakthrough time of injected water into the horizontal wellbore will be shorter, indicating a faster rise of the water cut, and a worse development effect. The impact of shortening fracture spacing is consistent with that of enlarging fracture length. Successful practice in modeling the complex waterflood behaviors for a 3-D heterogeneous reservoir provides powerful evidence for the practicability and reliability of our model

Numerical Analysis of Transient Pressure Behaviors with Shale Gas MFHWs Interference

After the large-scale horizontal well pattern development in shale gas fields, the problem of fast pressure drop and gas well abandonment caused by well interference becomes more serious. It is urgent to understand the downhole transient pressure and flow characteristics of multi-stage fracturing horizontal well (MFHW) with interference. Therefore, the reservoir around the MFHW is divided into three regions: fracturing fracture, Stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), and unmodified matrix. Then, multi-region coupled flow model is established according to reservoir physical property and flow mechanism of each part. The model is numerically solved using the perpendicular bisection (PEBI) grids and the finite volume method. The accuracy of the model is verified by analyzing the measured pressure recovery data of one practical shale gas well and fitting the monitoring data of the later production pressure. Finally, this model is used to analyze the effects of factors, such as hydraulic fractures’ connectivity, well distance, the number of neighboring wells and well pattern arrangement, on the transient pressure and seepage characteristics of the well. The study shows that the pressure recovery double logarithmic curves fall in later part when the well is disturbed by a neighboring production well. The earlier and more severe the interference, the sooner the curve falls off and the larger the amplitude shows. If the well distance is closer, and if there are more neighboring wells and interconnected corresponding fracturing segments, the more severe interference appears among the wells. Moreover, the well interference may still exist even without interlinked fractures or SRV. Especially, severe interference will affect production when the hydraulic fractures are connected directly, and the interference is weaker when only SRV induced fracture network combined between wells, which is beneficial to production sometimes. When severe well interference occurs, periodic well shut-in is needed to help restore the reservoir pressure and output capacity. In the meanwhile, the daily output should be controlled reasonably to prolong the stable production time. This research will help to understand the impact of well interference to gas production, and to optimize the well spacing and achieve satisfied performance

Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Coal Fines Migration on Coal Core Water Flooding

Coalbed Methane (CBM) has become an important gas resource in recent decades. The brittle property of coal matrix and overactive operation make the migration of coal fines inevitable. Blockage by coal fines that plugs flow paths is a non-negligible issue that results in a significant decline in gas production. By setting different experimental conditions with the following factors-coal fines concentration of the mixture displacing fluids, constant flow pump rate, inlet pressure, outlet pressure and confining pressure-six experimental schemes were designed to investigate the two-phase water and coal fines flow in natural core samples. When the differential pressure and flooding flow reach a pseudo-steady status, the equivalent permeability of coal samples can be approximately calculated considering coal fines migration. Furthermore, the influences of coal fines migration on the cleat opening and permeability variation are analyzed in the porous coal medium. The study will benefit CBM development and save pump maintenance costs. In this work, we found that maintaining the differential pressure for a longer period may result in new cleat openings and severe coal rock damage during the single-phase water flooding process. While coal fines may plug some natural cleats and pores, especially in the core samples with micro-cleats during the two-phase flooding stage, coal fines migration significantly reduces the equivalent permeability and dewatering ability of the coal rock in the earlier flooding. While enlarging the differential pressure in two-phase water and fines flooding, breakthrough of coal fines from the samples contributes to widened cleats. While coal fines are difficult to flood into the core pores for low-permeability core samples, coal fines gather in the inlet, and it is also difficult to reach the pseudo-steady status even under higher differential pressure. The damage to permeability mainly occurs in the early stage of coal fines migration, and an abrupt increase in the flow velocity can damage reservoirs and induce substantial coal fines generation. Thus, maintaining a stable effective strength and a controlled depressurization rate during drainage can effectively constrain coal fines output and decrease permeability damage within coal reservoirs

COUPLED NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRACTURING MULTILAYER RESERVOIR FLOW WITH LEAN-STRATIFIED WATER INJECTION

Many multilayer sandstone reservoirs have reached extreme high water content and high recovery stage after long time waterflooding. These inner LPTOLs have been the main potential reserves. Lean-stratified water injection is one of the most important technologies to increase production and develop potential for multilayer oilfields with extreme high water content. However, traditional models cannot entirely solve the inner boundary conditions of lean-stratified water injection. Therefore, we established the injection wellbore constraint equations, which were coupled with the oil/water two-phase numerical reservoir models. Upon an embedded fracture model for simulating hydraulic fractures, a method to simulate the reservoir with horizontal fractures is shown. The influences of reservoir and fluid, horizontal fractures, and injection-production characteristics are analyzed for oil production and water-content dynamic. Considering the specific situation of lean-stratified water injection wells, the influences of different segments numbers, modes of combination in segment layers, and rhythm characteristics of remaining oil reserves and distribution are evaluated

Adaptive Prediction of Enhanced Oil Recovery by N2 huff-n-puff in Fractured-Cavity Reservoir Using an FNN-FDS Hybrid Model

N2 huff-n-puff has proven to be a promising technique to further improve oil recovery in naturally fractured-cavity carbonate reservoirs. The effect of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by N2 huff-n-puff is significantly affected by various dynamic and static factors such as type of reservoir space, reservoir connectivity, water influx, operational parameters, and so on, typically leading to a significant increase in oil production. To reduce the prediction uncertainty of EOR performance by N2 huff-n-puff, an adaptive hybrid model was proposed based on the fundamental principles of fuzzy neural network (FNN) and fractional differential simulation (FDS); a detailed prediction process of the hybrid model was also illustrated. The accuracy of the proposed FNN-FDS hybrid model was validated using production history of N2 huff-n-puff in a typical fractured-cavity carbonate reservoir. The proposed model was also employed to predict the EOR performance by N2 huff-n-puff in a naturally fractured-cavity carbonate reservoir. The methodology can serve as an effective tool to optimize developmental design schemes when using N2 huff-n-puff to tap more remaining oil in similar types of carbonate reservoirs