'Pas', 'mie', 'point' et autres riens: de la négation verbale en picard.

International audienceA partir des données des atlas linguistiques et de Picartext, cet article dresse un premier panorama d'ensemble de la négation verbale en picard, pour laquelle plusieurs marqueurs semblent en concurrence. Il montre que les locuteurs disposent d'une négation principale couvrant tous les emplois, et dont la forme est régionalement conditionnée. Il montre également qu'ils disposent d'une ou plusieurs négations secondaires, à la distribution restreinte, en particulier le marqueur 'mie'. Or, chez les locuteurs qui acceptent la concordance négative avec un marqueur négatif, deux systèmes se dégagent: soit c'est 'mie' qui apparaît exclusivement, soit on assiste à une complémentarité de 'mie' et du marqueur principal selon le mot-N présent

L'Ellipse modale en français: arguments pour une ellipse du TP

International audienceContrairement à l'anglais, le français, comme l'italien, l'espagnol ou le néerlandais, est réputé ne pas autoriser l'ellipse du syntagme verbal (VP) après ses auxiliaires (Lobeck : 1995). Néanmoins, comme ces langues, il présente une construction superficiellement comparable après les 'semi-auxiliaires' modaux pouvoir et devoir dans leurs interprétations déontiques, cf.(1) : (1) Jean peut se représenter et Marie peut aussi __ . [= 'se représenter] Busquets et Denis (2001) analysent les constructions françaises comme des ellipses du VP, qu'ils baptisent " ellipses modales " : le modal est suivi d'un VP syntaxiquement structuré, non réalisé en forme phonologique. Pour l'espagnol, l'italien et le néerlandais, Depiante (2001), Cecchetto et Percus (2006) et Aelbrecht (2007) respectivement proposent que le modal soit suivi non d'une ellipse mais d'une proforme nulle, sans structure syntaxique interne. Précisant et complétant l'analyse de Busquets et Denis, nous montrons que leurs conclusions sont en grande partie valides : en français, il s'agit bien d'une ellipse. Néanmoins, nous défendons ici l'hypothèse qu'il s'agit de l'ellipse d'une proposition complète (désormais TP), et non du VP : cette hypothèse permet en effet de rendre compte de plusieurs divergences notables entre les propriétés des structures françaises et en anglaises, en les corrélant au statut respectif des modaux dans les deux langues (auxiliaires en anglais et V à montée du sujet en français). Par ailleurs, nous montrons que ces ellipses sont, dans les structures impliquant une relativisation, soumises à une contrainte jusque-là passée inaperçue, que nous appelons 'contrainte des sujets similaires' : absente en anglais mais présente dans les autres langues citées, où les modaux sont aussi des V à montée du sujet, cette contrainte remet en question l'analyse en proforme nulle. Considérer l'ellipse modale comme une ellipse du TP offre en revanche une voie pour rendre compte de cette contrainte

Toudis, Adverbio de tiempo y marcador de discurso: ¿Una versión picarda de toujours?

Cet article explore les emplois du mot toudis en picard, pour la partie du territoire français où il est utilisé, en comparaison avec les usages de toujours en français. Il montre que toudis partage toutes les nuances sémantiques de toujours comme adverbe de temps, ainsi que trois de ses emplois comme marqueur discursif. Néanmoins, comme grammème et comme pragmatème, toudis présente des spécificités. Comme adverbe de temps, sa combinaison avec l’adverbe cor donne lieu à un effet de sens original, d’itération habituelle; comme marqueur discursif, il est utilisé comme marqueur de relance thématique, aussi bien quand il est syntaxiquement intégré à la proposition qu’en tête de phrase suivi de que. D’autres particularités, plus secondaires, pourraient découler du fonctionnement général du picard, comme le comportement de toudis sous la négation, et l’emploi de la locution toudis est-i détachée en tête de phrase ou sans inversion du sujet, ch’est toudis que.This paper investigates the uses of the Picard word toudis ‘always/still’, for the part of France where it is resorted to, and compares them with the uses of its French counterpart toujours. It shows that toudis has the same semantic range as toujours as a temporal adverb, and to a large extent as a discourse marker. However, both as an adverbial and as a pragmatic marker, toudis has some particular features. As an adverbial, it can combine with the adverb cor ‘still/again’ and yield an original value of habitual iteration; as a discourse marker, either inside the clause or in a fronted position followed by que ‘that’, it can mark a return to the main theme. Some other specific features may stem from more general properties of Picard, such as toudis’s behavior under negation, the left-detachement of the expression toudis est-i, or its use without subject inversion, ch’est toudis que.Este artículo explora los usos de la palabra picarda toudis ‘siempre’, para la parte del territorio francés donde se utiliza, en comparación con el uso de su homólogo francés toujours. Muestra que toudis comparte todos los matices semánticos de toujours como adverbio de tiempo, así como tres de sus sentidos como marcador de discurso. Sin embargo, como gramema y como pragmatema, toudis tiene especificidades. Como adverbio de tiempo, su combinación con el adverbio cor ‘todavía/de nuevo’ manifiesta un sentido original, la iteración habitual como marcador de discurso, se utiliza como marcador de vuelta al tema, tanto cuando se integra sintácticamente en la oración como cuando encabeza la frase, seguido de que. Otras características, más marginales, podrían resultar del funcionamiento general del picardo, como su comportamiento en la negación, el uso de la frase toudis est-i en la periferia izquierda, o su uso sin inversión del sujeto, ch’est toudis que

Les interrogatives picardes et le typage des questions en dialecte ternois

International audienceThis paper investigates direct questions in Picard and their variation for the 1900-1960 period, on the basis of linguistic atlases and a written corpus. WH-questions, as in most other Oïl dialects, allow (require) doubly filled complementizer phrases and exclude subject inversion of all kinds. The situation appears more complex for yes-no questions, though. All dialectal areas display several structures, but differ by the presence or absence of some of them and by the nature of the preferential structure : subject clitic inversion (massive in the South), 'est-ce que' questions (in the North-East), the presence of a -ti/-tu post-verbal particle, whose distribution differs from its equivalent in Québec French and displays a variant, -jou, which is a former 1st person pronoun ; last, an specific construction found only in the Artois region, where the sentence is headed by jou and followed by the complementizer. I propose that 'jou' always checks the [+int] feature of C° in order to type the sentence as a question - overtly in polar questions, now covertly in WH-questions, as is suggested by former attestations of WH-P + jou + C°, and by the fact that the temporal grammaticalized form 'quandjou' (lit. When.that) only corresponds to the interrogative form of quand ('when').Cet article, qui s'appuie à la fois sur des atlas linguistiques et des textes, fait un premier état des lieux des structures interrogatives directes en picard et de leur variation pour la période 1900-1960. Pour les interrogatives partielles, comme la grande majorité de la zone d'oïl, il recourt à des interrogatives du type Expression QU- + que (Où qu'tu vos ?) excluant l'inversion sujet/verbe. Pour les interrogatives totales, en revanche, la situation est plus complexe. Bien que toutes les aires présentent des structures concurrentes, elles semblent se distinguer d'une part par la présence ou l'absence de certaines d'entre elles, d'autre part par le choix des structures privilégiées : les inversions clitiques (massives au Sud du domaine) ; les questions en est-ce que et les questions intonatives (concentrées au Nord-Est du domaine) ; le recours à une particule post-verbale de forme -ti/-tu, dont la distribution diffère en partie de son équivalent québécois (dans une aire centrée sur le Pas-de-Calais) et qui connaît une variante -jou, issue de l'ancienne forme du pronom de première personne ; enfin, une construction originale, où la particule jou est en tête de phrase et suivie de que : Jou k't'o kouère faim ? ('as-tu encore faim ?'), dans l'Artois. Nous proposons que jou actualise les traits interrogatifs du complémenteur que pour typer la phrase comme question, de manière ouverte dans les questions totales, et sous forme désormais nulle dans les partielles, comme en témoignent des attestations anciennes de SQu- + jou + que, et sa grammaticalisation dans la forme quanjou qui correspond uniquement au quand interrogatif

Perceptual investigation of prosodic phrasing in French

International audienceThe aim of this paper is to investigate prosodic phrasing and more precisely the use of prosodic cues in the marking of morphosyntactic units in French. As a first step towards this goal, a perception study was conducted on 27 listeners, who had to perform 3 distinct perceptual tasks on 32 syntactically controlled phrases read by a female speaker: a prominence strength judgment task, a boundary strength judgment task, and a task where listeners had to choose between 4 different phrase groupings intended to reflect the potential choices of prosodic phrasing. The corpus consists of syntactically ambiguous structures manipulating high and low adjective attachment on 2 coordinated nouns. It was designed to specifically test the role of prominence and boundary cues in the marking of prosodic constituency. Our results show that listeners use prosodic cues to discriminate between the two syntactic structures, with boundary cues being more readily used to capture morphosyntactic structuring. More interestingly, our results indicate that prominence and boundary cues are used to distinguish finer-grained grouping levels than those predicted by traditional descriptions on French prosodic structure

Constituance et phrasé prosodique en français : une étude perceptive

International audienceProsodic constituency and phrasing in French: a perception study The aim of the present study is to investigate the organization of prosodic phrasing in French. There is no clear consensus on how many levels are necessary to reflect the prosodic hierarchy in this language. In this context, we propose a perception study on a corpus manipulating syntactically ambiguous structures, where 27 participants had to perform 3 distinct perceptual tasks: prominence, boundary and grouping tasks. Our results show a preferential use of boundary cues in prosodic groups' marking. More precisely, we observe that listeners are able to distinguish finer-grained grouping levels than those predicted in traditional French descriptions. Moreover, the results of the prominence task show that initial accents are always perceived stronger than final accents, even at the lowest levels of the prosodic hierarchy.L'objectif de cette étude est d'explorer l'organisation du phrasé prosodique en français. Il n'existe pas de consensus clair sur le nombre de niveaux nécessaires pour refléter la hiérarchie prosodique de la langue. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons une étude perceptive, via un corpus de parole contrôlée manipulant des structures syntaxiques ambiguës, où 27 participants ont effectué 3 tâches de perception : proéminence, frontière et groupement. Nos résultats montrent une utilisation privilégiée des indices de frontières dans le marquage des groupes prosodiques. Plus précisément, on observe que les auditeurs sont capables de percevoir des niveaux de granularité de frontières plus fins que ce que les descriptions traditionnelles du français prédisent. Par ailleurs, les résultats de la tâche de proéminence montrent que l'accent initial est toujours perçu plus fort que l'accent final, et ce dès les niveaux les plus bas de la hiérarchie

Hazardous compounds in recreational and urban recycled surfaces made from crumb rubber. Compliance with current regulation and future perspectives

Crumb rubber obtained from scrap tires is greatly employed for the construction of different facilities for sport, recreational and other uses. However, in recent years the concern about their safety and the related adult and children exposure to these surfaces is growing. This study aims a thorough chemical characterization encompassing 42 hazardous compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, adipates, antioxidants and vulcanization agents in a wide range of crumb rubber from different surfaces. For the extraction of the target compounds, a method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UAE-GC–MS/MS) has been validated. Forty crumb rubber samples coming from synthetic turf football pitches, outdoor and indoor playgrounds, urban pavements, commercial tiles and granulates, and scrap tires, were analyzed. In addition, green alternative materials, such as sand and artificial turf based on cork granulate infill were included to compare the levels of the target compounds with those of crumb rubber. Most of the analyzed recycled surfaces meet the recent limits proposed by the European Commission for rubber granulates and mulches, although they exceed in several cases the maximum levels allowed for rubber consumer products. Besides, most of the other target compounds, including several of them considered as endocrine disruptors, were detected in the analyzed samples, reaching parts per million concentrations

Assessment of the bioaccessibility of PAHs and other hazardous compounds present in recycled tire rubber employed in synthetic football fields

Recycled tire crumb rubber (RTCR) surfaces contain harmful and carcinogenic substances, which can be ingested by the users of these facilities, mainly athletes and children. In this work, the potential in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from RTCR employed as infill in synthetic football fields was studied in human synthetic body fluids (saliva, gastric, duodenal and bile), prepared according the Unified Bioaccessibility Method. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using commercial sorbents and a new green material based on cork (cork industry by-product) were used to isolate the bioaccessible PAHs before gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was optimized and validated attending the analytical figures of merit. The feasibility of cork biosorbent for the extraction of the compounds was demonstrated, as well as the suitability of the UBM method to perform the digestion with good precision. The application to real samples collected from football fields demonstrated the presence of 17 of the 18 target PAHs in the biofluids. Most volatile PAHs such as NAP, ACY, ACE, FLU, PHN and ANC, achieved the highest bioaccessibility percentage levels. The carcinogenic B[a]P was detected in 75 % of the samples at concentrations up to 2.5 ng g−1 (bioaccessible fraction). Children exposure assessment was carried out to identify potential risk. Other hazardous and environmentally problematic compounds such as N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), recently related with the dead of coho salmon, and hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), among others, were also detected. This is the first study in which the bioaccesibility from real crumb rubber samples of 15 out of the 16 PAHs considered as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the presence of 6PPD-quinone and HMMM in the bioaccessible fractions is reportedThis research was supported by projects RETOS PID2019-104336RB-I00, UNST10-1E-491 and RED2018-102522-T (Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain), and ED431 2020/06 and IN607B 2022/15 (Xunta de Galicia). This study is based upon work from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network and upon work from the IUPAC project No. 2021-015-2-500. All these programs are co-funded by FEDER (EU)S

Optimization of a miniaturized solid-phase microextraction method followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of twenty four volatile and semivolatile compounds in honey from Galicia (NW Spain) and foreign countries

An analytical miniaturized methodology based on solid-phase-microextraction (mini_SPME) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed for the identification of volatile and semivolatile compounds in honey samples. The main influential experimental parameters, such as the type of fibre coating, extraction temperature, solvent addition, extraction mode, ionic strength, and sample dilution were optimized. A design of experiments (DOE) was conducted including twenty-four target compounds. The final extraction conditions comprised the use of 200 mg of honey mixed with 200 μL of water (100%, w/v), employing a DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre in the headspace mode at 100 °C for 30 min. The mini_SPME-GC-MS method was successfully validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy. Finally, it was applied to a broad range of varieties of real honey samples from Galicia (NW Spain), as well as some foreign honeys, demonstrating suitabilityThis research was supported by GO project FEADER 2018/054B. The authors belong to the National Network for the Innovation in miniaturized sample preparation techniques, RED2018-102522-T (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Spain), to the Galician Competitive Research Groups IN607B 2019/13 and ED431 2020/06 and to the CRETUS Strategic Partnership ED431 2018/01 (Xunta de Galicia)S

Evaluating the presence and contents of phytochemicals in honey samples: phenolic compounds as indicators to identify their botanical origin

Honey is a natural product well known for its beneficial properties. It contains phytochemicals, a wide class of nutraceuticals found in plants, including compounds with highly demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The main goal of this work is the development of a miniaturized and environmentally friendly methodology to obtain the phenolic profile of Galician honeys (Northwest Spain) from different varieties such as honeydew, chestnut, eucalyptus, heather, blackberry and multi-floral. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were also evaluated. As regards sample preparation, miniaturized vortex (VE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) employing aqueous-based solvents were performed. Individual quantification of 41 target phenolic compounds was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results revealed the presence of 25 phenolic compounds in the 91 analyzed samples, reaching concentrations up to 252 µg g−1. Statistical tools such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to obtain models that allowed classifying the different honeys according to their botanical origin. Obtained results, based on TPC, AA and ∑phenolic compounds showed that significant differences appeared depending on the honey variety, being several of the identified phenol compounds being responsible of the main differentiationThis research was funded by project GO FEADER 2018/054B (Xunta de Galicia). The authors belong to the National Network for the Innovation in miniaturized sample preparation techniques, RED2018-102522-T (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Spain), and to the Galician Competitive Research Groups IN607B 2019/13 and ED431 2020/06 (Xunta de Galicia). This study is based upon work from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society. All these programmes are co-funded by FEDER (EU)S