El debate en torno al método historiográfico en el Chile del siglo XIX

Tailored historiography in rising Hispano-American countries of the XIX century had the commitment to contribute to the «imagination» of nation, reason why it could not exactly fulfill the model of total absence of subjectivity, if some type of history can do it, although in general it repudiated philosophical speculation. This work focuses on the debate carried out in Chile in 1844 and 1848 about the suitable method to investigate the past. Andres Bello defended narrative history or ad narrandum, while the young Jose V. Lastarria and Jacinto Chacon advocated ad probandum or philosophical history as the suitable system to find historical truth. Towards the end, we offer a reflection on the influence of Bello’s lessons, through the analysis on the historical discipline notions used by Diego Barros Arana and Valentin Letelier.La historiografía confeccionada en los nacientes países hispanoamericanos del siglo XIX tuvo el compromiso de contribuir a la «imaginación» del Estado-nación, por lo que no pudo cumplir cabalmente el modelo de ausencia total de la subjetividad, si es que algún tipo de historia puede hacerlo, aunque —en general— repudió la especulación filosófica. Este trabajo centra su atención en el debate llevado a cabo en Chile en 1844 y 1848, en torno a cuál debería ser el método adecuado para investigar el pasado. Andrés Bello defendió la historia narrativa o ad narrandum en contra de los jóvenes José Victorino Lastarria y Jacinto Chacón, que propugnaron la historia ad probandum o historia filosófica como el sistema adecuado para encontrar la verdad. Hacia el final, ofrecemos una reflexión sobre la influencia de las enseñanzas de Bello, a través del análisis respecto de las nociones que sobre la disciplina histórica manejaron Diego Barros Arana y Valentín Letelier

La historiografía peruana de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Una presentación inicial a través de la obra de José Toribio Polo.

Utilizando como base el análisis de la obra de José Toribio Polo, pretendemos mostrar que la influencia del positivismo en el Perú historiográfico de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue relativa y parcial. Para ello, intentaremos acercarnos a las principales características de la forma de hacer historia de esta época. En esa medida, presentaremos un panorama general de lo publicado en las cuatro principales revistas académicas del momento. Además, estudiaremos las polémicas históricas más importantes, deteniéndonos en la crítica que Polo hizo del Diccionario del general Manuel de Mendiburu. Asimismo, ofreceremos la noción que manejó Polo sobre la disciplina histórica, signo de su pertenencia a una generación de historiadores de transición entre una historia amateur y una más científica.Using the analysis of Jose Toribio Polo's work as a base, we seek to show that the influence of the positivism was relative and partial in the Peru's historiography of the second half of the nineteenth century. For that, we will try to approach to the main characteristics of the way history work was made at that time. In that measure, we will present a general view of what was published in the four main academic magazines of the moment. Besides, we will study the 1 Deseo expresar mi sincero agradecimiento a la doctora Liliana Regalado de Hurtado, quien me motivó a publicar el presente trabajo. 135 Joseph Dager Alva La historiografía peruana en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX most important historiographical polemics, emphasizing the critic that Polo made to the Manuel Mendiburu's Dictionary. Also, we will give the notion of Polo about history as a discipline, which is a sign that he belonged to a transitional generation of historians, between an amateur history and a more scientific one

Potential Risk Factors for the Development of Self-Injurious Behavior among Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Prevalence of self-injurious behavior (SIB) is as high as 50% among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Identification of risk factors for the development of SIB is critical to early intervention and prevention. However, there is little empirical research utilizing a prospective design to identify early risk factors for SIB. The purpose of this study was to evaluate behavioral characteristics predicting SIB at age 2 years among 235 infants at high familial risk for ASD. Logistic regression results indicated that presence of SIB or proto-SIB and lower developmental functioning at age 12 months significantly predicted SIB at 24 months. A pattern of persistent SIB over this period was associated with a diagnosis of autism and poorer cognitive and adaptive outcomes

Emerging executive functioning and motor development in infants at high and low risk for autism spectrum disorder

Existing evidence suggests executive functioning (EF) deficits may be present in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by 3 years of age. It is less clear when, prior to 3 years, EF deficits may emerge and how EF unfold over time. The contribution of motor skill difficulties to poorer EF in children with ASD has not been systematically studied. We investigated the developmental trajectory of EF in infants at high and low familial risk for ASD (HR and LR) and the potential associations between motor skills, diagnostic group, and EF performance. Participants included 186 HR and 76 LR infants. EF (A-not-B), motor skills (Fine and Gross Motor), and cognitive ability were directly assessed at 12 months and 24 months of age. Participants were directly evaluated for ASD at 24 months using DSM-IV-TR criteria and categorized as HR-ASD, HR-Negative, and LR-Negative. HR-ASD and HR-Negative siblings demonstrated less improvement in EF over time compared to the LR-Negative group. Motor skills were associated with group and EF performance at 12 months. No group differences were found at 12 months, but at 24 months, the HR-ASD and HR-Negative groups performed worse than the LR-Negative group overall after controlling for visual reception and maternal education. On reversal trials, the HR-ASD group performed worse than the LR-Negative group. Motor skills were associated with group and EF performance on reversal trials at 24 months. Findings suggest that HR siblings demonstrate altered EF development and that motor skills may play an important role in this process

Splenium development and early spoken language in human infants

The association between developmental trajectories of language-related white matter fiber pathways from 6 to 24 months of age and individual differences in language production at 24 months of age was investigated. The splenium of the corpus callosum, a fiber pathway projecting through the posterior hub of the default mode network to occipital visual areas, was examined as well as pathways implicated in language function in the mature brain, including the arcuate fasciculi, uncinate fasciculi, and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. The hypothesis that the development of neural circuitry supporting domain-general orienting skills would relate to later language performance was tested in a large sample of typically developing infants. The present study included 77 infants with diffusion weighted MRI scans at 6, 12 and 24 months and language assessment at 24 months. The rate of change in splenium development varied significantly as a function of language production, such that children with greater change in fractional anisotropy (FA) from 6 to 24 months produced more words at 24 months. Contrary to findings from older children and adults, significant associations between language production and FA in the arcuate, uncinate, or left inferior longitudinal fasciculi were not observed. The current study highlights the importance of tracing brain development trajectories from infancy to fully elucidate emerging brain-behavior associations while also emphasizing the role of the splenium as a key node in the structural network that supports the acquisition of spoken language

A novel method for high-dimensional anatomical mapping of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid: Application to the infant brain

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an essential role in early postnatal brain development. Extra-axial CSF (EA-CSF) volume, which is characterized by CSF in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, is a promising marker in the early detection of young children at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous studies have focused on global EA-CSF volume across the entire dorsal extent of the brain, and not regionally-specific EA-CSF measurements, because no tools were previously available for extracting local EA-CSF measures suitable for localized cortical surface analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for the localized, cortical surface-based analysis of EA-CSF. The proposed processing framework combines probabilistic brain tissue segmentation, cortical surface reconstruction, and streamline-based local EA-CSF quantification. The quantitative analysis of local EA-CSF was applied to a dataset of typically developing infants with longitudinal MRI scans from 6 to 24 months of age. There was a high degree of consistency in the spatial patterns of local EA-CSF across age using the proposed methods. Statistical analysis of local EA-CSF revealed several novel findings: several regions of the cerebral cortex showed reductions in EA-CSF from 6 to 24 months of age, and specific regions showed higher local EA-CSF in males compared to females. These age-, sex-, and anatomically-specific patterns of local EA-CSF would not have been observed if only a global EA-CSF measure were utilized. The proposed methods are integrated into a freely available, open-source, cross-platform, user-friendly software tool, allowing neuroimaging labs to quantify local extra-axial CSF in their neuroimaging studies to investigate its role in typical and atypical brain development

The Emergence of Network Inefficiencies in Infants With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder defined by behavioural features that emerge during the first years of life. Research indicates that abnormalities in brain connectivity are associated with these behavioural features. However, inclusion of individuals past the age of onset of the defining behaviours complicates interpretation of the observed abnormalities: they may be cascade effects of earlier neuropathology and behavioural abnormalities. Our recent study of network efficiency in a cohort of 24-month-olds at high and low familial risk for ASD reduced this confound; we reported reduced network efficiencies in toddlers classified as ASD. The current study maps the emergence of these inefficiencies in the first year of life