MOESM3 of Paeoniflorin exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating the M1/M2 subset polarization of microglia/macrophages in the hippocampal CA1 region of vascular dementia rats via cannabinoid receptor 2

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Effects of paeoniflorin on histopathology of the entorhinal cortex area of rats after cerebral ischemia. Representative photomicrographs of hematoxylin-eosin-stained entorhinal cortex region of either sham-operated rats (a, g) or rats that had been subjected to four-vessel occlusion followed by the treatment with saline (4-VO; b, h), paeoniflorin (4-VO+PF; 40 mg/kg/d; c, i), paeoniflorin+AM630 (4-VO+PF+AM630; 40 + 3 mg/kg/d; d, j), AM630 (4-VO+AM630; 3 mg/kg/d; e, k) or HU308 (4-VO+HU308; 3 mg/kg/d; f, l) for consecutive 28 days. Boxed regions in a–f are shown in j–l, respectively. Scale bar: 50 µm

MOESM2 of Paeoniflorin exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating the M1/M2 subset polarization of microglia/macrophages in the hippocampal CA1 region of vascular dementia rats via cannabinoid receptor 2

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Effects of paeoniflorin on histopathology and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampal CA1 area of rats after cerebral ischemia. One week after four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) surgery, rats were intraperitoneally administered saline (4-VO), paeoniflorin (4-VO+PF; 10, 20, 40 mg/kg/d) or HU308 (4-VO+HU308; 3 mg/kg/d) for consecutive 28 days. (A) Rats were sacrificed after 28 days consecutive drug treatment. Representative photomicrographs of hematoxylin-eosin-stained hippocampal regions of rats are shown in different groups: (a, g) sham-operated group, (b, h) 4-VO-operated group, (c, i) 4-VO+10 mg/kg/d PF group, (d, j) 4-VO+PF+20 mg/kg/d group, (e, k) 4-VO+40 mg/kg/d group or (f, l) 4-VO+3 mg/kg/d HU308 group. Boxed regions in a–f are shown in j–l, respectively. Scale bar: 50 µm. (B) Neuronal cell density in CA1 region was measured. (C) The protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in the hippocampal homogenate were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

MOESM4 of Paeoniflorin exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating the M1/M2 subset polarization of microglia/macrophages in the hippocampal CA1 region of vascular dementia rats via cannabinoid receptor 2

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Effects of paeoniflorin on the activation of microglial cells in hippocampi of rats after cerebral ischemia. One week after four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) surgery, rats were intraperitoneally administered saline (4-VO), paeoniflorin (4-VO+PF; 40 mg/kg/d), paeoniflorin+AM630 (4-VO+PF+AM630; 40 + 3 mg/kg/d), AM630 (4-VO+AM630; 3 mg/kg/d) or HU308 (4-VO+HU308; 3 mg/kg/d) for consecutive 28 days. After treatment, hippocampus tissue sections were co-stained for Iba1 (an activated microglia marker; green) or DAPI (blue). The images were observed and captured by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Scale bar: 50 Îźm

MOESM4 of A novel coumarin, (+)-3′-angeloxyloxy-4′-keto-3′,4′-dihydroseselin, isolated from Bupleurum malconense (Chaihu) inhibited NF-κB activity

Additional file 4. 1H NMR spectrum of Pd-Ib

Cantharimide and Its Derivatives from the Blister Beetle <i>Mylabris phalerata</i> Palla

Eleven new monoterpenoids including three 1-methyl cantharimide-type derivatives (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), five 1,2-dimethyl cantharimide-type derivatives (<b>4</b>, <b>5</b>, <b>7</b>–<b>9</b>), and three 1-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl cantharimide-type derivatives (<b>10</b>–<b>12</b>), together with seven known cantharimides (<b>6</b>, <b>13</b>–<b>18</b>), were isolated from <i>Mylabis phalerata</i> Palla. The planar structures and absolute configurations of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>14</b> were fully elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, ECD spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and chemical methods. Compounds <b>6</b>, <b>15</b>, <b>16</b>, and <b>18</b> were found to be potent inhibitors of HBV virus, with IC₅₀ values of 62, 42, 58, and 19 μM

Cantharimide and Its Derivatives from the Blister Beetle <i>Mylabris phalerata</i> Palla

Eleven new monoterpenoids including three 1-methyl cantharimide-type derivatives (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), five 1,2-dimethyl cantharimide-type derivatives (<b>4</b>, <b>5</b>, <b>7</b>–<b>9</b>), and three 1-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl cantharimide-type derivatives (<b>10</b>–<b>12</b>), together with seven known cantharimides (<b>6</b>, <b>13</b>–<b>18</b>), were isolated from <i>Mylabis phalerata</i> Palla. The planar structures and absolute configurations of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>14</b> were fully elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, ECD spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and chemical methods. Compounds <b>6</b>, <b>15</b>, <b>16</b>, and <b>18</b> were found to be potent inhibitors of HBV virus, with IC₅₀ values of 62, 42, 58, and 19 μM