9 research outputs found

    Proboscis conditioning experiments with honeybees, Apis mellifera caucasica, with butyric acid and DEET mixture as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

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    Three experiments are described investigating whether olfactory repellents DEET and butyric acid can support the classical conditioning of proboscis extension in the honeybee, Apis mellifera caucasica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In the first experiment DEET and butyric acid readily led to standard acquisition and extinction effects, which are comparable to the use of cinnamon as a conditioned stimulus. These results demonstrate that the odor of DEET or butyric acid is not intrinsically repellent to honey bees. In a second experiment, with DEET and butyric acid mixed with sucrose as an unconditioned stimulus, proboscis conditioning was not established. After several trials, few animals responded to the unconditioned stimulus. These results demonstrate that these chemicals are gustatory repellents when in direct contact. In the last experiment a conditioned suppression paradigm was used. Exposing animals to butyric acid or DEET when the proboscis was extended by direct sucrose stimulation or by learning revealed that retraction of the proboscis was similar to another novel odor, lavender, and in all cases greatest when the animal was not permitted to feed. These results again demonstrate that DEET or butyric acid are not olfactory repellents, and in addition, conditioned suppression is influenced by feeding state of the bee.Peer reviewedPsychologyZoolog

    Diversidade e métodos de amostragem de Hymenoptera na cultura da melancia no semiårido

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    Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram conhecer a fauna de Hymenoptera associada Ă  cultura da melancia e avaliar a influĂȘncia das armadilhas Pitfall, Moericke e McPhail na captura desses insetos, em ambiente semiĂĄrido no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O levantamento foi realizado entre os meses de agosto e setembro de 2011, em ĂĄrea de produção comercial de melancia cv. Crimson Sweet. As coletas dos himenĂłpteros foram realizadas, semanalmente, durante o ciclo da cultura. Para captura dos insetos, foram utilizados trĂȘs tipos de armadilhas, Pitfall, Moericke e McPhail, na densidade de 20, 20 e 1 armadilha por hectare, respectivamente. As armadilhas foram instaladas sete dias apĂłs o plantio das sementes, e mantidas na ĂĄrea atĂ© a colheita dos frutos. Foram coletados um total de 3.123 himenĂłpteros pertencentes a 10 superfamĂ­lias, distribuĂ­das em 24 famĂ­lias. Formicidae foi a mais representativa, com abundĂąncia relativa total de 54,43%, seguida por Apidae com 17,96%. Foi observada tambĂ©m a presença de 18 famĂ­lias de himenĂłpteros parasitoides (18,89%), com destaque para Platygastridae (6,60%), Encyrtidae (2,79%), Chalcididae (2,56%), Mymaridae (2,56%), Pompilidae (1,15%) e Trichogrammatidae (1,09%). Ressalta-se ainda a ocorrĂȘncia das famĂ­lias de predadores Crabronidae (6,34%), Vespidae (2,24%) e Sphecidae (0,10%). Dentre as armadilhas, Moericke capturou a maior diversidade de Hymenoptera (24 famĂ­lias), seguida por Pitfall (11 famĂ­lias) e McPhail (sete famĂ­lias)
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