Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar: Comparison of immuno-diagnostic techniques and estimation of the prevalence in pork carcasses traded in Antananarivo city

Taenia solium cysticercosis was reported in official veterinary and medical statistics to be highly prevalent in pigs and humans in Madagascar, but few estimates are available for pigs. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs slaughtered in Antananarivo abattoirs. Firstly, the diagnostic performance of two antigen-ELISA techniques (B158B60 Ag-ELISA and HP10 Ag-ELISA) and an immunoblotting method were compared with meat inspection procedures on a sample of pigs suspected to be infected with (group 1; n = 250) or free of (group 2; n = 250) T. solium based on direct veterinary inspection in Madagascar. Sensitivity and specificity of the antigen ELISAs were then estimated using a Bayesian approach for detection of porcine cysticercosis in the absence of a gold standard. Then, a third set of pig sera (group 3, n = 250) was randomly collected in Antananarivo slaughterhouses and tested to estimate the overall prevalence of T. solium contamination in pork meat traded in Antananarivo. The antigen ELISAs showed a high sensitivity (>84%), but the B158B60 Ag-ELISA appeared to be more specific than the HP10 Ag-ELISA (model 1: 95% vs 74%; model 2: 87% vs 71%). The overall prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Antananarivo slaughterhouses was estimated at 2.3% (95% credibility interval [95%CrI]: 0.09–9.1%) to 2.6% (95%CrI: 0.1–10.3%) depending on the model and priors used. Since the sample used in this study is not representative of the national pig population, village-based surveys and longitudinal monitoring at slaughter are needed to better estimate the overall prevalence, geographical patterns and main risk factors for T. solium contamination, in order to improve control policies. (Résumé d'auteur

Pratiques et représentations juvéniles de l’écriture à l’ère d’Internet

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Accompagner le changement dans les trajectoires biographiques de jeunes en rupture social

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Enquête rétrospective sur des parcours de jeunes ayant connus une inflexion positive

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Clean syngas from biomass—process development and concept assessment

This paper summarises the long development work done at VTT for gas clean-up for various synthesis applications. The development work has covered the most challenging and costly steps in biomass gasification based processes: high-temperature gas filtration and reforming of hydrocarbon gases and tars. The tar content of product gas is one of the main factors defining the temperature window in which the hot-gas filter can be operated, which in the case of fluidized-bed gasification is at 350-500 °C. Research is ongoing to achieve higher and thus more economical operation temperatures. Optimal operation of a catalytic reformer can be achieved by using a staged reformer where zirconia-based catalysts are used as a pre-reformer layer before nickel and/or precious metal-based catalyst stages. The temperature of the reformer is optimally increased in subsequent stages from 600 up to 1,000 °C. According to the techno-economic analysis, increasing the hot-gas filtration temperature by 300 °C or methane conversion in the reformer from 55 to 95 % both lead to about 5 % reduction the liquid fuel production cos