Cancer Screening

Cancer screening is a means to detect cancer early with the goal of decreasing morbidity and mortality. At present, there is a reasonable consensus regarding screening for breast, cervical and colorectal cances and the role of screening is under trial in case of cancers of the lung,  ovaries and prostate. On the other hand, good screening tests are not available for some of the commonest cancers in India like the oral, pharyngeal, esophageal and stomach cancers

A Novel Thermodynamic Method For Quantifying Ligand-Receptor Interactions: The IC (1/3) Standard Vs IC (50)

A method based on the Concentration Derivative Product (CDP) is proposed to analyze the thermodynamics of Drug-Receptor interactions. CDP is defined as the product of the fractional inhibition f and it’s concentration derivative. Assuming Michaelis-Menten kinetics, it is shown that for a number of drug-receptor systems (HIV protease, ACE, HMG-CoA, Opioid receptor inhibitors, etc.) f max = 0.333, irrespective of the nature of bonding interactions and Ki. The CDP max = [4 / ( 27 Ki ) ], and gives a measure of the drug potency directly. CDP also gives thermodynamic information about the ratio of the gradients of the inhibitor chemical potential in the free and bound states

Improve Speech Enhancement Using Weiner Filtering

Speech enhancement aims to improve speech quality by using various algorithms. It may sound simple, but what is meant by the word quality. It can be at least clarity and intelligibility, pleasantness, or compatibility with some other method in speech processing. Wiener filter are rather simple and workable, but after the estimation of the background noise, one neglects the fact that the signal is actually speech. Furthermore, the phase component of the signal is left untouched. However, this is perhaps not such a bad problem; after all, human ear is not very sensitive to phase changes. The third restriction in spectral subtraction methods is the processing of the speech signal in frames, so the Proceeding from one frame to another must be handled with care to avoid discontinuities. Noise reduction is a key-point of speech enhancement systems in hands-free communications. A number of techniques have been already developed in the frequency domain such as an optimal short-time spectral amplitude estimator proposed by Ephraim and Malah including the estimation of the a priori signal-to-noise ratio. This approach reduces significantly the disturbing noise and provides enhanced speech with colorless residual noise. In this paper, we propose a technique based on a Wiener filtering under uncertainty of signal presence in the noisy observation. Two different estimators of the a priori signal-to-noise ratio are tested and compared. The main interest of this approach comes from its low complexity. In this paper we demonstrate the application of weiner filter for a speech signal using Matlab 7.1 and signal processing toolbox

An Urban Informal Economy: Livelihood Opportunity to Poor or Challenges for Urban Governance

Issues are contested whether informal sectors ofEconomy are opportunity to urban poor or challenge for urban governance This article argues that street vending has become an important source of earning livelihood for rural poor in the urban areas and not only rural poor are getting livelihood opportunities in the informal economy this has been providing goods in cheaper price to another section of urban poor that neither urban authorities nor other can provide Thus street vending has become an opportunity of marketing space to most of the urban poor in Kathmandu Metropolitan City However issues relating to urban management and controlling over the deteriorating city environment due to increase vending activities are of course challenging for urban governance Therefore there are confrontations between authorities and vendors over licensing taxation encroachment of public places and pavements and on increasing social problems In spite of its crucial role for providing employment and livelihoods to both urban and rural poor its economic importance is rarely recognized either in national poverty reduction strategies or in city governance initiative