Elvish Practitioners of the \u27Secret Vice\u27

In the course of his life Tolkien explored his thoughts and feelings on the role of language-invention in fiction in two key manifestos – his November 1931 talk \u27A Secret Vice\u27 and his 1954 O\u27Donnell lecture \u27English and Welsh\u27. But Tolkien not only used his mythology to illustrate how these theories and the four key characteristics he felt invented languages should have (sound-sense, structure, link to history/myth) but also embedded in the very narrative and discourse of his mythic texts examples of Elves using and being practitioners of his own theories on language. In this paper I will explore the text \u27Dangweth Pengolod\u27 (The Answer of Pengolod)\u27 to explore how Tolkien embedded his theories on language into the fabric of his world-building and showed how the Elves both practiced and enjoyed the same aesthetic pleasure in language invention that Tolkien did. I will also suggest that this text was meant by Tolkien to be part of the Elvish tradition that the mariner Aelfwine would read and transmit back to his own people to be the lost tradition of the English. Therefore by including this linguistically focused document in his enduring transmission framework Tolkien was embedding into the lost tradition of the English the very ideas of language invention that his own Elvish languages would come to reflect and practice

Tolkien\u27s A Secret Vice and \u27the language that is spoken in the Island of Fonway\u27

Note: I delivered a shortened version of this paper (entitled \u27Early Explorers and Practitioners of a shared \u27Secret Vice\u27) at the May 2016 International Medieval Congress in Kalamazoo, Michigan as part of the Tolkien and Invented Language Session

Elvish Practitioners of the \u27Secret Vice\u27

In the course of his life Tolkien explored his thoughts and feelings on the role of language-invention in fiction in two key manifestos – his November 1931 talk \u27A Secret Vice\u27 and his 1954 O\u27Donnell lecture \u27English and Welsh\u27. But Tolkien not only used his mythology to illustrate how these theories and the four key characteristics he felt invented languages should have (sound-sense, structure, link to history/myth) but also embedded in the very narrative and discourse of his mythic texts examples of Elves using and being practitioners of his own theories on language. In this paper I will explore the text \u27Dangweth Pengolod\u27 (The Answer of Pengolod)\u27 to explore how Tolkien embedded his theories on language into the fabric of his world-building and showed how the Elves both practiced and enjoyed the same aesthetic pleasure in language invention that Tolkien did. I will also suggest that this text was meant by Tolkien to be part of the Elvish tradition that the mariner Aelfwine would read and transmit back to his own people to be the lost tradition of the English. Therefore by including this linguistically focused document in his enduring transmission framework Tolkien was embedding into the lost tradition of the English the very ideas of language invention that his own Elvish languages would come to reflect and practice

Supporting a values-filled approach in Aotearoa through Indigenous Tourism

This conceptual paper offers an exploratory insight into the example of Māori tourism in New Zealand which illustrates how Indigenous tourism can demonstrate a values-filled approach to tourism. Māori engagement with tourism is based on Māori culture and values and this shapes tourism in distinct ways. These values include: whanaungatanga emphasizing attaining and maintaining relationships; kaitiakitanga referring to guardianship, care and protection;and . manaakitanga defined as hospitality and is manifested as caring and/or sharing with others. Māori have engaged with tourism since the colonization of New Zealand and there is extensive research detailing these Māori values in action through tourism. Our analysis builds on this to suggest that this models a “values-filled” approach to tourism of important significance. Māori culture and values shape an engagement with tourism that is unique and supports Māori thriving, tourists’ satisfaction and enhancement of New Zealand tourism. This analysis is supported with illustrative cases

A Holistic Social Constructionist perspective to Enterprise Education

Purpose – Drawing on the Gestalt approach this article proposes a holistic framework for enterprise education (EE) research based on Social Constructionism, illustrating how the latter supports research into experiential learning in EE in 7 UK Higher Education (HE) pharmacy schools. Design/ Methodology/ Approach – This paper is based on a qualitative empirical study involving educators in UK Higher Education Institution (HEI) pharmacy schools in semi-structured interviews, and investigates the delivery of EE through experiential learning approaches. Social Constructionism is proposed as a suitable underlying philosophical paradigm. Findings – A Social Constructionism paradigm, which adopts relative realism ontology, transactional epistemology, and Gadamer’s Hermeneutic Phenomenology, offers a relevant, multi-perspectival philosophical foundation for EE research, supporting transactional relationships within contexts of multiple possibilities. Research limitations/implications – Social Constructionism does not necessarily support the individualistic paradigm, as advocated by Constructivists; and the values associated with the former encourage a more collaborative and cooperative approach different from the latter. Practical implications –The paper supports the understanding that applying experiential learning through inter-disciplinary and inter-professional learning is regarded as an approach beneficial for educators, institutions and learners, within the context of EE. Originality/ value – This paper offers a holistic conceptual framework of Social Constructionism that draws on the ‘Gestalt Approach’, and highlights the harmony between the ontological, epistemological and methodological underpinnings of Social Constructionism. The paper demonstrates the relevance of the proposed framework in EE research within the context of an empirical study, which is different in that it focuses on the delivery aspect of EE by considering the views of the providers (educators), an hitherto under-researched area. Paper type – Research paper Key words: Enterprise education, research philosophy, Social Constructionism, relative realism ontology, transactional epistemology, Gadamer’s Hermeneutic Phenomenology, Gestalt approach

Imaging of intestinal fibrosis: current challenges and future methods

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166213/1/ueg2bf00613.pd

“Role models can’t just be on posters”: Re/membering Barriers to Indigenous Community Engagement

Current Canadian scholarly literature, education policy, and curricular documents encourage the participation of Indigenous community members as a key component of Indigenous Education reform. Guided by sharing circles conducted with Indigenous Elders, families, teachers, and support workers, we present community voices and experiences of Indigenous Education in an urban school board through poetic transcription. Our research suggests that four key barriers will have to be overcome in efforts to improve urban Indigenous Education: unwelcoming schools, professionalization of classroom teaching, colonized classrooms, and unilateral decolonization. Poetic transcription is used in this article to centre the voices of Indigenous participants as well as attempt to decolonize our approach to data dissemination of Indigenous voices as white, Euro-Canadian university-based researchers. La littérature savante, les politiques d’éducation et les documents curriculaires canadiens actuels encouragent la participation des membres des communautés autochtones comme élément-clé de la réforme en matière d’éducation autochtone.  À partir des cercles de partage auxquels participaient les aînés, les familles, les enseignants et les agents de soutien, nous présentons, par l’intermédiaire de la transcription poétique, les voix et les expériences d’une communauté autochtone en milieu scolaire urbain. Notre recherche suggère quatre barrières à surmonter dans le but d’améliorer l’expérience scolaire en milieu urbain : écoles non accueillantes, professionnalisation de l’enseignement en salle de classe, salle de classe colonisée et décolonisation unilatérale. L’utilisation de la transcription poétique dans cet article a comme objectif de mettre en valeur les voix des participants de la communauté autochtone et de tenter de décoloniser, à titre de chercheurs universitaires blancs euro-canadiens, notre approche de dissémination des données reliées aux voix autochtones

4D-PET reconstruction using a spline-residue model with spatial and temporal roughness penalties

4D reconstruction of dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) data can improve the signal-to-noise ratio in reconstructed image sequences by fitting smooth temporal functions to the voxel time-activity-curves (TACs) during the reconstruction, though the optimal choice of function remains an open question. We propose a spline-residue model, which describes TACs as weighted sums of convolutions of the arterial input function with cubic B-spline basis functions. Convolution with the input function constrains the spline-residue model at early time-points, potentially enhancing noise suppression in early time-frames, while still allowing a wide range of TAC descriptions over the entire imaged time-course, thus limiting bias. 
 Spline-residue based 4D-reconstruction is compared to that of a conventional (non-4D) maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm, and to 4D-reconstructions based on adaptive-knot cubic B-splines, the spectral model and an irreversible two-tissue compartment ('2C3K') model. 4D reconstructions were carried out using a nested-MAP algorithm including spatial and temporal roughness penalties. The algorithms were tested using Monte-Carlo simulated scanner data, generated for a digital thoracic phantom with uptake kinetics based on a dynamic [18F]-Fluromisonidazole scan of a non-small cell lung cancer patient. For every algorithm, parametric maps were calculated by fitting each voxel TAC within a sub-region of the reconstructed images with the 2C3K model. 
 Compared to conventional MAP reconstruction, spline-residue-based 4D reconstruction achieved >50% improvements for 5 of the 8 combinations of the 4 kinetics parameters for which parametric maps were created with the bias and noise measures used to analyse them, and produced better results for 5/8 combinations than any of the other reconstruction algorithms studied, while spectral model-based 4D reconstruction produced the best results for 2/8. 2C3K model-based 4D reconstruction generated the most biased parametric maps. Inclusion of a temporal roughness penalty function improved the performance of 4D reconstruction based on the cubic B-spline, spectral and spline-residue models.&#13

Increasing ultraviolet light exposure is associated with reduced mortality from Clostridium difficile infection

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166256/1/ueg2bf00112.pd