Kidney Function and Disability-Free Survival in Older Women.

ObjectivesTo examine the prospective association between kidney function and three outcomes: survival to age 85 with functional independence, survival to age 85 with disability, and death before age 85.DesignProspective study.SettingWomen's Health Initiative, conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers.ParticipantsPostmenopausal women enrolled between 1993 and 1998 with baseline biomarker assessments who had the potential to reach age 85 before September 2013 (N = 7,178).MeasurementsKidney function was measured according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated from serum creatinine collected at baseline. Outcomes were survival to age 85 with functional independence, survival with disability, or death before age 85. Disability was defined as mobility or activity of daily living limitations measured by questionnaire.ResultseGFR was greater than 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in 22.7% of women, 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in 66.5%, 45 to 59 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in 8.7%, and less than 45 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in 2.0%. Median follow-up was 15 years. Of 4,953 survivors, 3,155 reported no physical disability at age 85. Two thousand two hundred twenty-five participants died before age 85. Women with an eGFR of 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or greater had 2.71 times greater odds of survival to age 85 with functional independence than of dying before 85 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.62-4.51) than those with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min per 1.73 m2 , women with an eGFR of 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m2 had 3.04 times (95% CI = 1.85-5.00) greater odds, and women with an eGFR of 45 to 59 mL/min per 1.73 m2 had 2.22 times (95% CI = 1.31-3.76) greater odds. Similar, but slightly weaker odds were seen for survival to age 85 with disability. Better kidney function was not significantly associated with greater likelihood of survival to age 85 with independent function than of surviving with disability.ConclusionBetter kidney function was associated with greater likelihood of survival to age 85 with and without disability

Effects of planar inlet plenums on the hydrodynamically developing flows in rectangular microchannels of complementary aspect ratios

The effects of planar inlet plenum geometry on the developing flow fields in two rectangular microchannels of reciprocal aspect ratios (H/W ???2.75 and ???0.40) were investigated for ReD = 1-100 using micro particle image velocimetry (??PIV). These two microchannels were made by a precision sawing and silicon microfabrication techniques. Both the velocity profiles and centerline velocity developments were clearly resolved and extracted along the axial distance from ??PIV results. The entrance lengths were found from the centerline velocities using a decaying exponential fitting function where the centerline velocity reaches 99% of the fully developed centerline velocity. The proposed fitting function showed excellent agreement with the experimental results. The planar plenum was shown to cause an upstream predevelopment resulting in the significant reductions in the entrance lengths. Two entrance length correlations were proposed in the forms of Atkinson et al.'s (AIChE J 15:548-553, 1969) and Chen's (J Fluids Eng 95:153-158, 1973) correlations. The proposed entrance length correlations showed that acquired constant portion and slope of the entrance lengths showed 23-27 and 70-81% reductions for H/W = 2.75 while the entrance length correlation for H/W = 0.40 showed 69-73% increase and 41-63% decrease in the constant portion and slope, respectively.close5

Consideraciones de las dinámicas y procesos de cambio de población y del ambiente para el desarrollo territorial con un sistema alimentario y nutricional sostenible Centroamericano

Los análisis de dinámicas y procesos de cambio territorial nos per-miten interpretar y dar sentido a la articulación entre los diferentes elementos constitutivos de los ámbitos del desarrollo y cómo estos se han generado, integrando en los procesos una visión dinámica y prospectiva muy pertinente para abordajes integrales, incluyentes y sostenibles del desarrollo territorial. En el presente escrito se abor-dan los ámbitos de población y del ambiente desde una perspectiva regiona