The seventh visual object tracking VOT2019 challenge results

180The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2019 is the seventh annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 81 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis as well as the standard VOT methodology for long-term tracking analysis. The VOT2019 challenge was composed of five challenges focusing on different tracking domains: (i) VOTST2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB, (ii) VOT-RT2019 challenge focused on 'real-time' shortterm tracking in RGB, (iii) VOT-LT2019 focused on longterm tracking namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. Two new challenges have been introduced: (iv) VOT-RGBT2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB and thermal imagery and (v) VOT-RGBD2019 challenge focused on long-term tracking in RGB and depth imagery. The VOT-ST2019, VOT-RT2019 and VOT-LT2019 datasets were refreshed while new datasets were introduced for VOT-RGBT2019 and VOT-RGBD2019. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard shortterm, long-term tracking and tracking with multi-channel imagery. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website.openopenKristan M.; Matas J.; Leonardis A.; Felsberg M.; Pflugfelder R.; Kamarainen J.-K.; Zajc L.C.; Drbohlav O.; Lukezic A.; Berg A.; Eldesokey A.; Kapyla J.; Fernandez G.; Gonzalez-Garcia A.; Memarmoghadam A.; Lu A.; He A.; Varfolomieiev A.; Chan A.; Tripathi A.S.; Smeulders A.; Pedasingu B.S.; Chen B.X.; Zhang B.; Baoyuanwu B.; Li B.; He B.; Yan B.; Bai B.; Li B.; Li B.; Kim B.H.; Ma C.; Fang C.; Qian C.; Chen C.; Li C.; Zhang C.; Tsai C.-Y.; Luo C.; Micheloni C.; Zhang C.; Tao D.; Gupta D.; Song D.; Wang D.; Gavves E.; Yi E.; Khan F.S.; Zhang F.; Wang F.; Zhao F.; De Ath G.; Bhat G.; Chen G.; Wang G.; Li G.; Cevikalp H.; Du H.; Zhao H.; Saribas H.; Jung H.M.; Bai H.; Yu H.; Peng H.; Lu H.; Li H.; Li J.; Li J.; Fu J.; Chen J.; Gao J.; Zhao J.; Tang J.; Li J.; Wu J.; Liu J.; Wang J.; Qi J.; Zhang J.; Tsotsos J.K.; Lee J.H.; Van De Weijer J.; Kittler J.; Ha Lee J.; Zhuang J.; Zhang K.; Wang K.; Dai K.; Chen L.; Liu L.; Guo L.; Zhang L.; Wang L.; Wang L.; Zhang L.; Wang L.; Zhou L.; Zheng L.; Rout L.; Van Gool L.; Bertinetto L.; Danelljan M.; Dunnhofer M.; Ni M.; Kim M.Y.; Tang M.; Yang M.-H.; Paluru N.; Martinel N.; Xu P.; Zhang P.; Zheng P.; Zhang P.; Torr P.H.S.; Wang Q.Z.Q.; Guo Q.; Timofte R.; Gorthi R.K.; Everson R.; Han R.; Zhang R.; You S.; Zhao S.-C.; Zhao S.; Li S.; Li S.; Ge S.; Bai S.; Guan S.; Xing T.; Xu T.; Yang T.; Zhang T.; Vojir T.; Feng W.; Hu W.; Wang W.; Tang W.; Zeng W.; Liu W.; Chen X.; Qiu X.; Bai X.; Wu X.-J.; Yang X.; Chen X.; Li X.; Sun X.; Chen X.; Tian X.; Tang X.; Zhu X.-F.; Huang Y.; Chen Y.; Lian Y.; Gu Y.; Liu Y.; Chen Y.; Zhang Y.; Xu Y.; Wang Y.; Li Y.; Zhou Y.; Dong Y.; Xu Y.; Zhang Y.; Li Y.; Luo Z.W.Z.; Zhang Z.; Feng Z.-H.; He Z.; Song Z.; Chen Z.; Zhang Z.; Wu Z.; Xiong Z.; Huang Z.; Teng Z.; Ni Z.Kristan, M.; Matas, J.; Leonardis, A.; Felsberg, M.; Pflugfelder, R.; Kamarainen, J. -K.; Zajc, L. C.; Drbohlav, O.; Lukezic, A.; Berg, A.; Eldesokey, A.; Kapyla, J.; Fernandez, G.; Gonzalez-Garcia, A.; Memarmoghadam, A.; Lu, A.; He, A.; Varfolomieiev, A.; Chan, A.; Tripathi, A. S.; Smeulders, A.; Pedasingu, B. S.; Chen, B. X.; Zhang, B.; Baoyuanwu, B.; Li, B.; He, B.; Yan, B.; Bai, B.; Li, B.; Li, B.; Kim, B. H.; Ma, C.; Fang, C.; Qian, C.; Chen, C.; Li, C.; Zhang, C.; Tsai, C. -Y.; Luo, C.; Micheloni, C.; Zhang, C.; Tao, D.; Gupta, D.; Song, D.; Wang, D.; Gavves, E.; Yi, E.; Khan, F. S.; Zhang, F.; Wang, F.; Zhao, F.; De Ath, G.; Bhat, G.; Chen, G.; Wang, G.; Li, G.; Cevikalp, H.; Du, H.; Zhao, H.; Saribas, H.; Jung, H. M.; Bai, H.; Yu, H.; Peng, H.; Lu, H.; Li, H.; Li, J.; Li, J.; Fu, J.; Chen, J.; Gao, J.; Zhao, J.; Tang, J.; Li, J.; Wu, J.; Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Qi, J.; Zhang, J.; Tsotsos, J. K.; Lee, J. H.; Van De Weijer, J.; Kittler, J.; Ha Lee, J.; Zhuang, J.; Zhang, K.; Wang, K.; Dai, K.; Chen, L.; Liu, L.; Guo, L.; Zhang, L.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhou, L.; Zheng, L.; Rout, L.; Van Gool, L.; Bertinetto, L.; Danelljan, M.; Dunnhofer, M.; Ni, M.; Kim, M. Y.; Tang, M.; Yang, M. -H.; Paluru, N.; Martinel, N.; Xu, P.; Zhang, P.; Zheng, P.; Zhang, P.; Torr, P. H. S.; Wang, Q. Z. Q.; Guo, Q.; Timofte, R.; Gorthi, R. K.; Everson, R.; Han, R.; Zhang, R.; You, S.; Zhao, S. -C.; Zhao, S.; Li, S.; Li, S.; Ge, S.; Bai, S.; Guan, S.; Xing, T.; Xu, T.; Yang, T.; Zhang, T.; Vojir, T.; Feng, W.; Hu, W.; Wang, W.; Tang, W.; Zeng, W.; Liu, W.; Chen, X.; Qiu, X.; Bai, X.; Wu, X. -J.; Yang, X.; Chen, X.; Li, X.; Sun, X.; Chen, X.; Tian, X.; Tang, X.; Zhu, X. -F.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Lian, Y.; Gu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Dong, Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Luo, Z. W. Z.; Zhang, Z.; Feng, Z. -H.; He, Z.; Song, Z.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, Z.; Xiong, Z.; Huang, Z.; Teng, Z.; Ni, Z

Genome-Wide Identification of NAC Transcription Factor Family in Juglans mandshurica and Their Expression Analysis during the Fruit Development and Ripening

The NAC (NAM, ATAF and CUC) gene family plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of various biological processes and has been identified and characterized in multiple plant species. However, genome-wide identification of this gene family has not been implemented in Juglans mandshurica, and specific functions of these genes in the development of fruits remain unknown. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the NAC gene family during fruit development and identified a total of 114 JmNAC genes in the J. mandshurica genome. Chromosomal location analysis revealed that JmNAC genes were unevenly distributed in 16 chromosomes; the highest numbers were found in chromosomes 2 and 4. Furthermore, according to the homologues of JmNAC genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, a phylogenetic tree was constructed, and the results demonstrated 114 JmNAC genes, which were divided into eight subgroups. Four JmNAC gene pairs were identified as the result of tandem duplicates. Tissue-specific analysis of JmNAC genes during different developmental stages revealed that 39 and 25 JmNAC genes exhibited upregulation during the mature stage in walnut exocarp and embryos, indicating that they may serve key functions in fruit development. Furthermore, 12 upregulated JmNAC genes were common in fruit ripening stage in walnut exocarp and embryos, which demonstrated that these genes were positively correlated with fruit development in J. mandshurica. This study provides new insights into the regulatory functions of JmNAC genes during fruit development in J. mandshurica, thereby improving the understanding of characteristics and evolution of the JmNAC gene family

Insights into the effect of human civilization on Malus evolution and domestication

22openInternationalInternational coauthor/editorThe evolutionary history of the Malus genus has not been well studied. In the current study, we presented genetic evidence on the origin of the Malus genus based on genome sequencing of 297 Malus accessions, revealing the genetic relationship between wild species and cultivated apples. Our results demonstrated that North American and East Asian wild species are closer to the outgroup (pear) than Central Asian species, and hybrid species including natural (separated before the Pleistocene, about 2.5 Mya) and artificial hybrids (including ornamental trees and rootstocks) are between East and Central Asian wild species. Introgressions from M. sylvestris in cultivated apples appeared to be more extensive than those from M. sieversii, whose genetic background flowed westward across Eurasia and eastward to wild species including M. prunifolia, M. × asiatica, M. × micromalus, and M. × robust. Our results suggested that the loss of ancestral gene flow from M. sieversii in cultivated apples accompanied the movement of European traders around the world since the Age of Discovery. Natural SNP variations showed that cultivated apples had higher nucleotide diversity than wild species and more unique SNPs than other apple groups. An apple ERECTA-like gene that underwent selection during domestication on 15th chromosome was identified as a likely major determinant of fruit length and diameter, and an NB-ARC domain-containing gene was found to strongly affect anthocyanin accumulation using a genome-wide association approach. Our results provide new insights into the origin and domestication of apples and will be useful in new breeding programmes and efforts to increase fruit crop productivity.openChen, Pengxiang; Li, Zhongxing; Zhang, Dehui; Shen, Wenyun; Xie, Yinpeng; Zhang, Jing; Jiang, Lijuan; Li, Xuewei; Shen, Xiaoxia; Geng, Dali; Wang, Liping; Niu, Chundong; Bao, Chana; Yan, Mingjia; Li, Haiyan; Li, Cuiying; Yan, Yan; Zou, Yangjun; Micheletti, Diego; Koot, Emily; Ma, Fengwang; Guan, QingmeiChen, P.; Li, Z.; Zhang, D.; Shen, W.; Xie, Y.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, L.; Li, X.; Shen, X.; Geng, D.; Wang, L.; Niu, C.; Bao, C.; Yan, M.; Li, H.; Li, C.; Yan, Y.; Zou, Y.; Micheletti, D.; Koot, E.; Ma, F.; Guan, Q

Recent progress in designing stable composite lithium anodes with improved wettability

Lithium (Li) is a promising battery anode because of its high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential, but safety hazards that arise from its continuous dendrite growth and huge volume changes limit its practical applications. Li can be hosted in a framework material to address these key issues, but methods to encage Li inside scaffolds remain challenging. The melt infusion of molten Li into substrates has attracted enormous attention in both academia and industry because it provides an industrially adoptable technology capable of fabricating composite Li anodes. In this review, the wetting mechanism driving the spread of liquefied Li toward a substrate is discussed. Following this, various strategies are proposed to engineer stable Li metal composite anodes that are suitable for liquid and solid-state electrolytes. A general conclusion and a perspective on the current limitations and possible future research directions for constructing composite Li anodes for high-energy lithium metal batteries are presented.Zi-Jian Zheng, Huan Ye, Zai-Ping Gu

Applications of Zeolites to C1 Chemistry: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

[EN] C1 chemistry, which is the catalytic transformation of C1 molecules including CO, CO2, CH4, CH3OH, and HCOOH, plays an important role in providing energy and chemical supplies while meeting environmental requirements. Zeolites are highly efficient solid catalysts used in the chemical industry. The design and development of zeolite-based mono-, bi-, and multifunctional catalysts has led to a booming application of zeolite-based catalysts to C1 chemistry. Combining the advantages of zeolites and metallic catalytic species has promoted the catalytic production of various hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, light olefins, aromatics, and liquid fuels) and oxygenates (e.g., methanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, and higher alcohols) from C1 molecules. The key zeolite descriptors that influence catalytic performance, such as framework topologies, nanoconfinement effects, Bronsted acidities, secondary-pore systems, particle sizes, extraframework cations and atoms, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, and proximity between acid and metallic sites are discussed to provide a deep understanding of the significance of zeolites to C1 chemistry. An outlook regarding challenges and opportunities for the conversion of C1 resources using zeolite-based catalysts to meet emerging energy and environmental demands is also presented.The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 21920102005, 21835002, and 21621001), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2016YFB0701100), the 111 Project of China (B17020), and the Spanish Government through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683, MINECO) and PGC2018-101247-B-I00 for supporting this work.Zhang, Q.; Yu, J.; Corma Canós, A. (2020). 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Porous Single-Crystal-Based Inorganic Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Energy Production and Environmental Remediation: Preparation, Modification, and Applications

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Niu, J., Albero, J., Atienzar, P., García, H., Porous Single-Crystal-Based Inorganic Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Energy Production and Environmental Remediation: Preparation, Modification, and Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1908984, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908984. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Semiconductor photocatalytic and photovoltaic performance depends on crystallinity and surface area to a large extent. One strategy that has recently emergyed to improve semiconductor photoresponse efficiency is their synthesis as porous single crystals (PSCs), therefore providing simultaneously high crystallinity, minimization of grain boundaries, and large specific surface area. Other factors, such as high density of active sites, and enhanced light absorption, also contribute to increased PSC photoresponse with respect to analogous bulk or amorphous materials. This review initially presents the concept and main properties of PSCs. Then, the synthetic routes and the applications as photocatalysts and as photovoltaic devices, mainly in sunlight applications, are summarized. The synthetic procedures have been classified according to the mechanism of pore generation. Applications cover photocatalysis for environmental remediation, solar fuels production, selective photooxidation of organic compounds, and photovoltaic devices. Finally, a summary and views on future developments are provided. The purpose of this review is to show how the use of PSCs is a powerful general methodology applicable beyond metal oxides and can ultimately lead to sufficient photoresponse efficiency, bringing these processes close to commercial application.Financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Severo Ochoa SEV2016-0683 and RTI2018-89023-CO2-R1) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2017-083) is gratefully acknowledged. J.N. also gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019XKQYMS76).Niu, J.; Albero-Sancho, J.; Atienzar Corvillo, PE.; García Gómez, H. (2020). Porous Single-Crystal-Based Inorganic Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Energy Production and Environmental Remediation: Preparation, Modification, and Applications. Advanced Functional Materials. 30(15):1-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.2019089841513015Lee, B., Yamashita, T., Lu, D., Kondo, J. N., & Domen, K. (2002). 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Fully gapped superconducting state in Au2Pb: a natural candidate for topological superconductor

We measured the ultra-low-temperature specific heat and thermal conductivity of Au$_2$Pb single crystal, a possible three-dimensional Dirac semimetal with a superconducting transition temperature $T_c \approx$ 1.05 K. The electronic specific heat can be fitted by a two-band s-wave model, which gives the gap amplitudes $\Delta_1$(0)/$k_BT_c$ = 1.38 and $\Delta_2$(0)/$k_BT_c$ = 5.25. From the thermal conductivity measurements, a negligible residual linear term $\kappa_0/T$ in zero field and a slow field dependence of $\kappa_0/T$ at low field are obtained. These results suggest that Au$_2$Pb has a fully gapped superconducting state in the bulk, which is a necessary condition for topological superconductor if Au$_2$Pb is indeed one.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

In situ visualization by X-Ray computed tomography on sulfur stabilization and lithium polysulfides immobilization in S@HCS/MnOₓ cathode

The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have high theoretical energy density, exceeding that of the lithium-ion batteries. However, their practical applications are hindered by the capacity decay due to lithium polysulfide shuttle effect and sulfur volume expansion. Here, we design a S@hollow carbon with porous shell/MnOx (S@HCS/MnOx) cathode to accommodate and immobilize sulfur and polysulfides, and develop a non-destructive technique X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) to in situ visualize the volume expansion of Li-S cathode. The designed cathode achieves a specific capacity of ∼1100 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C with a fade rate of 0.18% per cycle over 300 cycles. The X-ray CT shows that only 16% volume expansion and 70% volume fraction of solid sulfur remaining in the S@HCS/MnOx cathode, superior to the commercial cathode with 40% volume expansion and 5% volume remaining of solid sulfur particles. This is the first reported visualization evidence for the effectiveness of hollow carbon structure in accommodating cathode volume expansion and immobilizing sulfur shuttling. X-ray CT can serve as a powerful in situ tool to trace the active materials and then feedback to the structure design, which helps develop efficient and reliable energy storage systems