Heparan sulphate, its derivatives and analogues share structural characteristics that can be exploited, particularly in inhibiting microbial attachment

Heparan sulphate (HS) and the related polysaccharide, heparin, exhibit conformational and charge arrangement properties, which provide a degree of redundancy allowing several seemingly distinct sequences to exhibit the same activity. This can also be mimicked by other sulphated polysaccharides, both in overall effect and in the details of interactions and structural consequences of interactions with proteins. Together, these provide a source of active compounds suitable for further development as potential drugs. These polysaccharides also possess considerable size, which bestows upon them an additional useful property: the capability of disrupting processes comprising many individual interactions, such as those characterising the attachment of microbial pathogens to host cells. The range of involvement of HS in microbial attachment is reviewed and examples, which include viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and which, in many cases, are now being investigated as potential targets for intervention, are identified

Quanto vale o show?: Impactos econômicos dos investimentos da Copa do Mundo 2014 no Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho é projetar os impactos econômicos, nacionais e regionais dos investimentos de infraestrutura e estádios para a Copa do Mundo de 2014. Consideram-se os investimentos em reforma/construção de infraestrutura esportiva (estádios) e infraestrutura urbana divulgados pelo Ministério do Esporte no início de 2010. Por meio de simulações com um modelo de equilíbrio geral, são projetados os impactos das fases de construção e operação desses investimentos, com atenção especial às fontes de financiamento (público, privado e BNDES). Os resultados apontam para um crescimento adicional médio de 1,2% no PIB das cidades-sede e a geração do equivalente a 158 mil empregos. A análise dos resultados indica, entretanto, que o impacto positivo desses investimentos depende da capacidade de financiamento privado e das necessidades de realocação do gasto público. Quanto maior a utilização de recursos públicos no financiamento dos investimentos da Copa 2014, menor seu impacto econômico

The Biotechnology Roadmap For Sugarcane Improvement

Due to the strategic importance of sugarcane to Brazil, FAPESP, the main São Paulo state research funding agency, launched in 2008 the FAPESP Bioenergy Research Program (BIOEN, http://bioenfapesp.org). BIOEN aims to generate new knowledge and human resources for the improvement of the sugarcane and ethanol industry. As part of the BIOEN program, a Workshop on Sugarcane Improvement was held on March 18th and 19th 2009 in São Paulo, Brazil. The aim of the workshop was to explore present and future challenges for sugarcane improvement and its use as a sustainable bioenergy and biomaterial feedstock. The workshop was divided in four sections that represent important challenges for sugarcane improvement: a) gene discovery and sugarcane genomics, b) transgenics and controlled transgene expression, c) sugarcane physiology (photosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and drought) and d) breeding and statistical genetics. 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Analysis of genetic similarity detected by AFLP and coefficient of parentage among genotypes of sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) (2002) Theor Appl Genet, 104, pp. 30-38Ma, H., Albert, H.H., Paull, R., Moore, P.H., Metabolic engineering of invertase activities in different subcellular compartments affects sucrose accumulation in sugarcane cells (2000) Aust J Plant Physiol, 27, pp. 1021-1030Ma, H.M., Schulze, S., Lee, S., Yang, M., Mirkov, E., Irvine, J., Moore, Paterson, A., An EST survey of the sugarcane transcriptome (2004) Theor Appl Genet, 108, pp. 851-863Maliga, P., Plastid transformation in higher plants (2004) Annu Re Plant Biol, 55, pp. 289-313Manickavasagam, M., Ganapathi, A., Anbazhagan, R., Sudhakar, B., Selvaraj, N., Vasudevan, A., Kasthurirengan, S., Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and development of herbicide-resistant sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrids) using axillary buds (2004) Plant Cell Rep, 23, pp. 134-143McCormick, A.J., Cramer, M.D., Watt, D.A., Sink strength regulates photosynthesis in sugarcane (2006) New Phytol, 171, pp. 759-770McCormick, A.J., Cramer, M.D., Watt, D.A., Regulation of photosynthesis by sugars in sugarcane leaves (2008) J Plant Physiol, 165, pp. 1817-1829McCormick, A.J., Cramer, M.D., Watt, D.A., Changes in photosynthetic rates and gene expression of leaves during a source-sink perturbation in sugarcane (2008) Ann Bot, 101, pp. 89-102McIntyre, C.L., Jackson, P.A., Low level of selfing found in a sample of crosses in Australian sugarcane breeding programs (2001) Euphytica, 117, pp. 245-249McIntyre, C.L., Whan, A., Croft, B., Magarey, R., Smith, G.R., Identification and validation of molecular markers associated with Pachymetra root rot and brown rust resistance in sugarcane using map- and association-based approaches (2005) Mol Breed, 16, pp. 151-161McIntyre, C.L., Jackson, M., Cordeiro, G.M., Amouyal, O., Hermann, S., Aitken, K.S., Eliott, F., Bonnett, G.D., The identification and characterisation of alleles of sucrose phosphate synthase gene family III in sugarcane (2006) Mol Breed, 18, pp. 39-50McQualter, R.B., Dale, J.L., Harding, R.M., McMahon, J.A., Smith, G.R., Production and evaluation of transgenic sugarcane containing a Fiji disease virus (FDV) genome segment S9-derived synthetic resistance gene (2004) Aust J Agric Res, 55, pp. 139-145McQualter, R.B., Chong, B.F., Meyer, K., van Dyk, D.E., O'Shea, M.G., Walton, N.J., Viitanen, P.V., Brumbley, S.M., Initial evaluation of sugarcane as a production platform for a p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2004) Plant Biotechnol J, 2, pp. 1-13Messing, J., Synergy of two reference genomes for the grass family (2009) Plant Physiol, 149, pp. 117-124Molinari, H.B.C., Marur, C.J., Daros, E., Campos, M.K.F., Carvalho, J.F.R.P., Bespalhok Filho, J.C., Pereira, L.F.P., Vieira, L.G.E., Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of praline in transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp.): Osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress (2007) Physiol 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Caracterização morfológica, determinação do número de embriões e taxa de poliembrionia em três porta-enxertos híbridos de citros

Tendo em vista inúmeros problemas fitossanitários que vêm acometendo a citricultura brasileira, a diversificação de porta-enxertos é uma necessidade prioritária. Híbridos de porta-enxertos estão sendo desenvolvidos por programas de melhoramento genético de citros, os quais devem ser avaliados quanto a características morfológicas e de produção. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar folhas e frutos, determinar o número de embriões por semente e avaliar a taxa de poliembrionia de três porta-enxertos híbridos: citranges 'Fepagro C 13', 'Fepagro C 37' e 'Fepagro C 41' e compará-los a três porta-enxertos já utilizados na sustentação dos pomares de citros: Trifoliata, citrumelo 'Swingle' e citrange 'Troyer'. Pouca variação foi observada na caracterização morfológica das folhas, porém na caracterização dos frutos foram verificadas diferenças. Destacam-se os citranges 'Fepagro C 13' e 'Fepagro C 37' que produziram, na média, muitas sementes por fruto, ou seja, 24,2 e 35,0, sendo muitas viáveis, 19,2 e 21,2 e estas portando bom número de embriões, 5,0 e 3,1, além de altas taxas de poliembrionia, 84 e 92% respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos com os dois híbridos demonstram que eles possuem bom potencial para serem utilizados como plantas doadoras de sementes para porta-enxertos de citros