PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, SEM AND EDAX PROFILE OF THE LEAVES OF CITRUS AURANTIUM L. (RUTACEAE)

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and SEM of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) leaves along with determination of trace elements by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy including SEM, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, EDAX and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (8-14cm × 4-5 cm) are dorsiventral, Foliate – elliptic, whitish green with serrate margin, acuminate apex and symmetrical base with winged petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of cyclocytic stomata in lower epidermis and apostomatic upper epidermis, three layers of short palisade cells, wide circular secretary cavities, large double stranded vascular bundles, xylem vessels, phloem, and fibers. SEM of midrib showed many folded appearance.No diagnostic feature and new kind of micro constituents not previously recognized and apparently simple structure which may be extremely complex was observed.Identification of inorganic minerals of the leaves of C.aurantium by EDAX showed the presence of minerals Calcium (0.42 percent), Potassium (0.72 percent), Magnesium (0.09 percent), and Sodium (0.09 percent).Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf. Elemental composition of the leaves useful in preparation of various herbal formulations with enriched minerals

Validation of photovoltaics powered UPQC using ANFIS controller in a standard microgrid test environment

The power quality improvement becomes one of the important tasks while using microgrid as main power supply. Because the microgrid is combination of renewable energy resources. The renewable energy resources are intermittent in power supply and at the peak loading condition it has to supply the required power. So, the power quality problems may increase in that time. Out of all power quality issues the voltage drop and harmonic distortion is considered as the most serious one. In recent years unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is emerged as most promising device which compensates both utility as well as customer side power quality disturbances in effective way. The compensating potentiality used in the UPQC is limited by the use of DC link voltage regulation and the conventional proportional integral (PI) controller. In this paper the compensating potentiality of the UPQC device is controlled by an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control and it is powered from the available photovoltaics (PV) power generation. The effect of adding an intelligent UPQC is tested in the standard IEEE-14bus environment. MATLAB 2017b is used here for testing and plotting the simulation results

A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY TO THE CNS

Delivery of drugs into the brain is one of the most interesting and challenging areas of research. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane that separates blood from the brain in the central nervous system. It acts as a barrier to protect the brain from microbes, neurotoxins and other chemical substances and also blocks the entry of many drugs into the brain. An estimated 6.8 billion people die every year from CNS diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, sclerosis, brain stroke, dementia and others. According to WHO, one billion people are affected worldwide, about 50 million suffer from epilepsy and 24 million suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. This indicates the importance of the delivery of drugs into the brain for treating various neurological diseases and psychological disorders. In drug targeting, a concept was introduced by Dr. Paul Ehrlich as a ‘magic bullet’ that gave tremendous hope for the researches to deliver drugs into the brain. This review discuses about various drug targeting strategies and applications of nanotechnology in designing drug delivery systems with the ability to cross through the BBB for treating neurological diseases

Micro Sp-Open Sets in Micro Topological Spaces

In this paper, a new class of open sets called Micro Sp- Open sets in Micro topological spaces are introduced and its fundamental properties are analyzed. Also, some operations on Micro Sp-open sets are investigated

Influence of Processing Parameters in Sicp - Aluminium Alloy Composite Produced by Stir Casting Method

Metal matrix composites are gaining wider acceptance in aerospace and defence industries due to their starving need for lightweight — high strength materials. The control of processing parameters is very important in order to obtain good quality casing with minimal defects. In this study the influence of processing parameters on the properties of SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloy (Al- 10%Si- 0.6%Mg) composite was investigated. The composites are prepared by stir casting method. This method involves mixing of SiC in the molten aluminium alloy aided with mechanical agitation. The processing parameters that were investigated include melt temperature and stirring speed. Specimens produced were subjected to mechanical testing. Microstructure observed through scanning electron microscope and optical microscope was correlated to the observed mechanical behavior. The results show that the melt temperature appears to have little effect on the mechanical properties and particle settling. SEM photographs show that there is particle clustering at low melt temperature

On The System Of Double Equations

Thisnbsp papernbsp concernsnbsp with thenbsp problem of obtain infinitely many non-zero distinct integers N1, N2nbspsuch that N1-N2 = 4k + 2(kgt0)and nbspN1N2 = (2k+1)a2 where 2k+1 is square-free. A fewnbsp examplesnbsp arenbsp given.nbsp Some observations among N1, N2nbspare presented

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG B.Sc NURSING FIRST YEAR STUDENTS IN SRM COLLEGE OF NURSING, KATTANKULATHUR.

Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the level of mental health adopted by 1st year B.Sc. nursing students.Methods: A total of 50 1st year B.Sc., nursing students were selected using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The tools used for data collection were William C. Menninger mental health assessment scale, and socio-demographic pro forma.Results: The studies revealed that 40 (80%) students have moderate mental health, 10 (20%) students have good mental health, and none of them have poor mental health. There is a significant association between the level of mental health among nursing students and with their demographic variable sex.Conclusion: The nurse administrator should plan and organize an educational program for nursing students, to prepare them to cope up with any stressful situations. Hence, the researcher emphasizes the need for more research to improve the level of mental health and by applying the research finding for future

Evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR assay for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A Pilot study

INTRODUCTION : Pneumocystis jirovecii is an important opportunistic pathogen causing pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in both HIV infected and non-HIV infected immunosuppressed individuals. Since this cannot be cultured in vitro, visualisation of organism by microscopic method using various staining techniques is considered as a gold standard test for diagnosis of PCP. On account of microscopic methods having low sensitivity, molecular method is a way forward technique for diagnosis. OBJECTIVES : 1. To evaluate a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients and compare with conventional microscopic methods such as Giemsa staining and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test as well as correlate with clinical stratification of the disease. 2. To evaluate cost effectiveness of qPCR assay when compared to the conventional microscopic methods currently used for routine diagnostics METHODOLOGY : This is a prospective study done over a period of one year, in which 100 respiratory samples from immunocompromised patients who suffered from respiratory illness with PCP as one of the differential diagnosis was collected. A qPCR assay was evaluated based on previously described method. The samples were subjected to both molecular (qPCR) and conventional microscopic methods. Patients were categorized into definite PCP, probable PCP and non PCP according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group (EORTC) clinical criteria, based on symptoms, signs, radiological features and response to anti-pneumocystis treatment. Results were compared with this clinical stratification of the disease. Data analysis was done using statistical software STATA 13.1. RESULTS : Among 100 patients, 30 were HIV infected and 70 were non-HIV infected immunocompromised patients. By EORTC criteria, five patients were categorized into definite PCP, 20 in probable PCP and 74 patients in non PCP group. Giemsa staining was negative in all samples. DFA was positive in all five patients of definite PCP (100%) but negative in probable and non-PCP group. The qPCR was positive in three patients (60%) from the definite PCP, four from (20%) the probable PCP and one (1.33%) from the non-PCP group. Over all sensitivity, specificity of DFA and qPCR were 20%, 100% and 28%, 98.67% respectively. Cost effectiveness analysis found that qPCR assay is cheaper than DFA test. CONCLUSION : Real time PCR is a cost effective and highly specific test for routine diagnosis of PCP