Correction: The effect of activated protein C on experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis

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The effect of activated protein C on experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis

INTRODUCTION: Acute pancreatitis is a local inflammatory process that leads to a systemic inflammatory response in the majority of cases. Bacterial contamination has been estimated to occur in 30–40% of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Development of pancreatic necrosis depends mainly on the degree of inflammation and on the microvascular circulation of the pancreatic tissue. Activated protein C (APC) is known to inhibit coagulation and inflammation, and to promote fibrinolysis in patients with severe sepsis. We investigated the effects of APC on histopathology, bacterial translocation, and systemic inflammation in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Rats were randomly allocated to three groups. Acute pancreatitis was induced in group II (positive control; n = 15) and group III (treatment; n = 15) rats by retrograde injection of taurocholate into the common biliopancreatic duct. Group I rats (sham; n = 15) received an injection of normal saline into the common biliopancreatic duct to mimic a pressure effect. Group III rats were treated with intravenous APC 6 hours after induction of pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue and blood samples were obtained from all animals for histopathological examination and assessment of amylase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 levels in serum. Bacterial translocation to pancreas and mesenteric lymph nodes was measured. RESULTS: Acute pancreatitis developed in all groups apart from group I (sham), as indicated by microscopic parenchymal necrosis, fat necrosis and abundant turbid peritoneal fluid. Histopathological pancreatitis scores in the APC-treated group were lower than in positive controls (10.31 ± 0.47 versus 14.00 ± 0.52; P < 0.001). Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and to pancreas in the APC-treated group was significantly decreased compared with controls (P < 0.02 and P < 0.007, respectively). Serum amylase, tumor necrosis factor--α, and IL-6 levels were also significantly decreased in comparison with positive controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: APC improved the severity of pancreatic tissue histology, superinfection rates and serum markers of inflammation during the course of acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Structure of midgut and peritrophic matrix in the last instar larvae of culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

Larval midgut and peritrophic matrix (PM) of Culex pipiens were investigated by light and electron microscope. Foregut and anterior midgut together form the special folding area called cardia. Cardia and gastric caeca are located in the thorax. Abdominal midgut follows the gastric caeca and lies between the first and the fifth abdominal segments. the luminal surfaces of the structures mentioned above are lined by single layered epithelial cells. However, the cell sizes and staining properties exhibit differences. the epithelial cells of the anterior midgut which are located in the cardia, produce PM. It surrounds the food bolus and lies to the end of the fifth abdominal segment. Golgi canals of midgut epithelial cells are upright to the apical membrane of the cell and the cellular organelles are seldom in peripheral cytoplasm. Electron-dense granular and electron-lucent microfibrillated layers are seen in the electron micrograph of PM. the thick microfibrillated layer is separated into three regions by electron dense bilayerCulex pipens'ın larval ortabağırsağı ve peritrofik matriks (PM)'i ışık ve elektron mikroskobuyla incelenmiştir. Önbağırsak ve anterior ortabağırsak birlikte, kardiya olarak isimlendirilen özel bir katlanma bölgesi oluştururlar. Kardiya ve gastrik çekumlar toraksta bulunur. Gastrik çekumlardan sonra, birinci ve beşinci abdomen segmentleri arasında uzanan abdominal ortabağırsak gelir. Yukarıda sözü edilen yapıların lümene bakan tarafları tek tabakalı epitelle döşelidir. Ancak, hücresel büyüklükleri ve boyanma özellikleri farklılık göstermektedir. Kardiyada yer alan anterior ortabağırsak hücreleri PM'i salgılar. PM, besin kitlesini çepeçevre sarar ve beşinci abdomen segmentinin sonuna kadar uzanır. Ortabağırsak epitel hücrelerindeki Golgi kanalları hücrenin apikal zarına diktir ve periferal sitoplazmada hücresel organeller azdır. PM'nin elektron mikrograflannda elektronca yoğun granüler ve elektronca az yoğun mikrofibrilli tabakalar görülür. Kalın olan mikrofibrilli tabaka ise elektronca yoğun iki tabaka tarafından üç bölgeye ayrılır

The Incidence and Extent of Mullerian Metaplasias in Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumors

Objectives: Most ovarian surface epithelial tumors emerge from a background of Mullerian metaplasias. The incidence and extent of Mullerian metaplasias were examined in ovarian surface epithelial tumors. Methods: The incidence of Mullerian metaplasias was evaluated according to the presence of the metaplasias in all cases. The extent of these metaplastic changes was scored from (1+) to (4+) according to the extended area in all tumoral slide sections. Results: Ciliated cell metaplasia was found in 80.4 % of benign tumors, 100 % of borderline tumors and 93.3 % of malignant tumors. Eosinophilic cell metaplasia was present in 13 % of benign tumors, 70 % of borderline tumors and 93.3 % of malignant tumors. Clear cell metaplasia was observed in 17.4 % of benign tumors, 20 % of borderline tumors and 40 % of malignant tumors. While ciliated cell metaplasia was more frequent and extensive in benign tumors, eosinophilic and clear cell metaplasias were more frequent and extensive in borderline and malignant tumors (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the incidence and extent of Mullerian metaplasias in ovarian surface epithelial tumors may not be homogeneous. This should be taken into account when their biological significances and relation with tumorigenesis are investigated. [J Interdiscipl Histopathol 2012; 1(1.000): 16-22

The role of dynamic renal scintigraphy on clinical decision making in hydronephrotic children

Hydronephrosis may be related to an obstructive cause, ureteropelvic/uretero-vesical junction obstruction or nonobstructive [vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)]. When an obstructive pathology is considered, dynamic renal scintigraphy may help to predict whether it is a true obstruction or not. In this study, we aimed to determine the contribution of dynamic renal scintigraphy with [99] mTc-MAG-3 to the clinical decision-making for surgery in hydronephrotic children. Files of the patients evaluated by MAG-3 scintigraphy for antenatal (AH)/postnatal (PH) hydronephrosis between 1992 and 2014 were reviewed. Gender, age, hydronephrosis (HN) grade by ultrasound (US), presence of VUR, MAG-3 result (obstructive vs. nonobstructive), ultimate diagnosis, and need for surgery were assessed. Cases with double collecting system and neurogenic bladder were excluded from the study. All of the patients had normal serum creatinine and eGFR. There were a total of 178 patients with 218 hydronephrotic renal units (mean age 34.7 ± 52.7 months; male/ female = 121/57, AH of 62%). MAG-3 was nonobstructive in 134 and obstructive in 84 hydronephrotic renal units. MAG-3 was obstructive in 47 of 121 (39%) males and 30 of 57 (53%) females (P = 0.058, odds ratio (OR) for obstruction was 1.9 for girls). MAG-3 was obstructive in 47 of 135 (35%) units with AH and 37 of 83 (45%) units with PH (P = 0.137). In 81 units with the society of fetal urology-4 HN by US, MAG-3 was obstructive in 55 (68%), and surgery was required in 52 of 55 (95%). Surgery was required for only two (7%) of the remaining 26 units with nonobstructive dilatation (P 16.5 mm was the best cutoff level for predicting obstruction by MAG-3 (sensitivity 75.2%; specificity 71%; OR 3.8). MAG-3 significantly affects clinical decision for surgery in HN. Hydronephrotic girls have more risk in terms of true obstruction. Combining MAG-3 with US improves the discrimination of true obstruction during follow-up