Dilation and Constriction of Subjective Time Based on Observed Walking Speed

The physical properties of events are known to modulate perceived time. This study tested the effect of different quantitative (walking speed) and qualitative (walking-forward vs. walking-backward) features of observed motion on time perception in three complementary experiments. Participants were tested in the temporal discrimination (bisection) task, in which they were asked to categorize durations of walking animations as “short” or “long.” We predicted the faster observed walking to speed up temporal integration and thereby to shift the point of subjective equality leftward, and this effect to increase monotonically with increasing walking speed. To this end, we tested participants with two different ranges of walking speeds in Experiment 1 and 2 and observed a parametric effect of walking speed on perceived time irrespective of the direction of walking (forward vs. rewound forward walking). Experiment 3 contained a more plausible backward walking animation compared to the rewound walking animation used in Experiments 1 and 2 (as validated based on independent subjective ratings). The effect of walking-speed and the lack of the effect of walking direction on perceived time were replicated in Experiment 3. Our results suggest a strong link between the speed but not the direction of perceived biological motion and subjective time

Risk Tabanlı Deniz Ambulansı Tasarımı

Denizde, emniyeti en üst düzeye çıkarmak için risk faktörlerini modellemek ve risk tabanlı tasarım araçlarını kullanmak önemlidir. Emniyeti arttırmak ve müşteri taleplerini karşılamak için etkin risk modelleme teknikleri ve karar verme araçlarının geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, mevcut bir deniz ambulans teknesi operasyon riskleri incelenmiş ve mevcut tekne risk tabanlı bir yaklaşımla yeniden tasarlanmıştır. Risk değerlendirmesi ve model tasarımında, Hata Türü ve Etki Analizi (FMEA) kullanılmış ve risk öncelik sayıları (RPNs) hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, deniz ambulans teknelerinin emniyetini arttırmaya ve potansiyel risklerin önlenmesine veya azaltılmasına katkıda bulunacaktır

Miyopik Olgularda Maküla Fonksiyonun Anatomik ve Elektrofizyolojik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

The aim of this study is to evaluate the posterior segment parameters, the anatomical structure of macula with Spectral Domain Optic Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and electrophysiological function of the macula with pattern electroretinography (PERG) in myopic cases and to determine the correlation between them. The study group included 118 subjects (78 female, 40 male). Cases were divided into four groups according to the degree of refractive errors. The first group was between 0.00 / -0.75 D (control group), the second group between -1.00/ -2.75 D, the third group between -3.00 / -5.75 D and the fourth group as -6.00 D and higher. Peripapillary RNFL thickness, macular thickness, thickness of the retinal layers and choroidal thickness were measured using SD-OCT in all cases and then PERG test was applied. It was found that there was a decrease in RNFL thickness except T quadrant with the increase in degree of myopia. There was no correlation between macular thickness and the thickness of retinal layers (except the outer plexiform layer) and the degree of myopia. Negative correlation was found between macular thickness and N95 amplitude in high myopia group. It was found that subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased with increased degree of myopia and increase in AL. There was a negative correlation between AL and subfoveal choroidal thickness. There was a statistically significant difference between the high myopia group and the control group in the amplitudes of P50 and N95 waves. The decrease in P50 and N95 amplitude was observed to be associated with the increase in the degree of myopia. The decrease in N95 amplitude correlated with the increase in axial length. The decrease in P50 amplitude without an anatomical change in macular retinal layers and without reduction of BCVA is suggestive that macula can be affected in high myopia cases in terms of function. The decrease in N95 amplitude was thought to be related with increase in AL and decrease in global peripapillary RNFL thickness.Bu çalışmanın amacı; miyopik olgularda arka segment parametrelerini değerlendirerek makülanın anatomik yapısını spektral domain optik koherens tomografi (SDOKT) ile ve fonksiyonel açıdan pattern elektroretinografi (PERG) ile incelenmek ve aralarındaki korelasyonu saptamaktır. Çalışma grubu 78’i kadın, 40’ı erkek toplam 118 olgudan oluşturuldu. Kırma kusuru derecesine göre olgular 4 gruba ayrıldı. Birinci grup 0.00/-0.75 D arası (kontrol grubu), ikinci grup -1.00/-2.75 D arası, üçüncü grup -3.00/-5.75 D arası, dördüncü grup -6.00 D ve üstü olarak belirlendi. Tüm olgularda peripapiller RSLT kalınlığı, maküla kalınlığı, retina katlarının kalınlığı ve koroid kalınlığı SD-OKT kullanılarak ölçüldü ve ardından PERG testi uygulandı. Miyopi derecesi artışı ile T kadran hariç RSLT kalınlığında azalma olduğu gözlendi. Maküler kalınlık ve retina katlarının (dış pleksiform tabaka hariç) kalınlıkları ile miyopi derecesi arasında bir ilişki bulunamadı. Yüksek miyopi grubunda maküler kalınlık ile N95 amplitüdü arasında negatif korelasyon saptandı. Miyopi derecesi ve AU artışı ile subfoveal koroid kalınlığı azalmaktaydı. AU ile subfoveal koroidal kalınlık arasında negatif korelasyon olduğu görüldü. P50 ve N95 dalgalarının amplitüdlerinde yüksek miyopi grubu ile kontrol grubu arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu bulundu. Miyopi derecesinin artması ile ilişkili olarak P50 ve N95 amplitüdündeki azalma belirginleşiyordu. N95 amplitüdündeki azalma aksiyel uzunluk artışı ile korelasyon göstermekteydi. Maküler retina katlarında anatomik bir değişiklik olmadan ve EİDGK etkilenmemiş iken P50 amplitüdünde azalma olması, fonksiyonel açıdan makülanın yüksek miyop olgularda etkilenebileceğini düşündürmektedir. N95 amplitüdündeki azalmanın ise AU’daki artış ve global peripapiller RSLT kalınlığındaki azalma ile ilişkili olabileceği düşünüldü

Gesturing during disfluent speech: A pragmatic account

Open materials for Kısa, Goldin-Meadow & Casasanto (under review

Mudurnu – Nallıhan sekansı’nda (Ankara, Türkiye) apsiyen planktonik foraminifer biyostratigrafisi ve mikrofasiyes analizleri

The Mudurnu – Nallıhan Sequence that comprises the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous carbonate succession was cut by diabase dykes and intercalated with volcano-sedimentary rocks in the Nallıhan region, Ankara, Turkey. The sequence consists of the Yosunlukbayırı Formation and the Soğukçam Limestone. This study focuses on the high-resolution biostratigraphy and microfacies analyses of the Soğukçam Limestone widely exposed in the north of the Nallıhan town. For this purpose, the stratigraphic section was measured (94.73 m thick) and a total of 44 samples were collected from limestone, shale and diabase dyke. By using planktonic foraminiferal bioevents, the following biozones were established in ascending order: Globigerinelloides blowi Zone (Early Aptian), Leupoldina cabri Zone (Early Late Aptian) and Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Zone (Late Aptian). Eight species of Hedbergella, three species of Globigerinelloides, and Leupoldina cabri were identified in the study. Only the presence of these r-mode opportunistic planktonic foraminifera, Hedbergella and Globigerinelloides, in the studied samples indicates that eutrophic environmental conditions prevailed in the Aptian time in the studied region. The elongated chamber forms, such as Hedbergella roblesae and Leupoldina cabri, low-oxygen planktonic foraminifers suggests that the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (the Selli Event) has possibly been recorded in the Leupoldina cabri Zone of the studied sequence. In addition, small benthic foraminifera, radiolaria and Cadosina sp. were recorded through the measured section. Based on both lithofacies analysis (determination of the depositional texture), and biofacies analysis (fossil assemblages), microfacies types were defined as MF-1: Radiolarian mudstone / wackestone, MF-2: Planktonic foraminiferal and radiolarian wackestone / packestone and MF-3: Planktonic foraminiferal mudstone / wackestone. In the light of the microfacies analyses, the depositional environments of the Aptian part of the Soğukçam Limestone were determined as toe of slope to deep water basin.Thesis (M.S.) -- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Geological Engineering

Periodontitisli Hastalarda Dişeti Oluğu Sıvısı Rankl, Il-1Β, Il-10, Opg Düzeylerinin Tedavi Öncesi ve Sonrası Kıyaslanması; Dha Verilen Sıçanlarda Dişeti Rankl Mrna Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Comparison of RANKL,IL-1ß, IL-10, OPG levels in gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients before and after surgical periodontal treatment; evaluation of gingival RANKL mRNA levels in DHA treated rats. Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, PhD Thesis in Periodontology (Dentistry) Programme, Ankara 2013. The aims of this study were to: i - determine the RANKL, OPG, IL-10, IL-1ß levels in gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients before and after surgical periodontal treatment and search out the relationship of clinical parameters with these cytokine levels, ii ? examine the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment on RANKL mRNA levels of rat gingival tissue. Total of 65 patients, consisting of; 26 agressive periodontitis (AGP), 21 chronic periodontitis (CP) and a periodontally healthy control (C) group of 18 people were included in this study. Periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and 3 months after surgical periodontal therapy. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. 18 male wistar rats were included in the experimental study. Periodontitis (P) was induced on mandibular 1. molar teeth of rats using 3-0 silk ligatures. Rats were classified into 6 groups as 1- healthy control, 2- P group (P), 3- P+DHA, 4-P+aspirin (ASA), 5- P+DHA+aspirin, 6-P+saline (placebo). mRNA expression of the gingiva on affected teeth was examined using real time(RT-PCR). RANKL, IL-1ß total amount (TA) and RANKL/OPG ratio was statistically higher in CP and AGP than C group, while OPG concentration was statistically higher in C group than P groups at baseline. IL-10 TA was higher in AGP than CP and C. After surgical periodontal therapy RANKL and IL-1ß TA didn?t differ between study groups. OPG TA and was higher in AGP than C group. RANKL/OPG ratio was still higher in P groups than healthy controls. IL-10 TA was higher in AGP than CP and C. IL-1ß levels were decreased after periodontal therapy in both P groups, while an increase in concentrations of other cytokines were detected according to baseline. Experimental study results exhibited mRNA messages on agaroz gel in P group, but not in treated groups. Study results supported the idea that RANKL increase and imbalance between RANKL/OPG ratio can reflect the periodontal bone resorption.Periodontitisli Hastalarda Dişeti Oluğu Sıvısı RANKL, IL-1ß, IL-10, OPG Düzeylerinin Tedavi Öncesi Ve Sonrası Kıyaslanması; DHA Verilen Sıçanlarda Dişeti RANKL mRNA Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Periodontoloji (Diş) Programı Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2013. Bu çalışmanın amacı: i ? Periodontitisli hastaların dişeti oluğu sıvısında (DOS) tedavi öncesi ve sonrası RANKL, OPG, İnterlökin-10 (IL-10), IL-1ß düzeylerini belirlemek ve klinik parametrelerle sitokin seviyelerinin ilişkisini araştırmak, ii ? Dokozahekzaenoik asit (DHA) tedavisinin sıçanların dişeti RANKL mRNA ifadesine etkisini değerlendirmektir. Yirmialtı agresif periodontitis (AGP), 21 kronik periodontitis (KP) ve 18 periodontal olarak sağlıklı kontrol (K) grubundan oluşan toplam 65 birey çalışmaya dahil edildi. Başlangıçta ve cerrahi periodontal tedavi uygulandıktan 3 ay sonra cep derinliği miktarı (CD), klinik ataçman seviyesi (KAS), plak indeksi (Pİ) ve gingival indeks (Gİ) değerleri, sondlamada kanama (SK) varlığı veya yokluğu kaydedildi. Sitokin düzeyleri ELISA (enzyme linked immünosorbent assay) metoduyla saptandı. Deneysel çalışmaya 18 adet Wistar sıçan dahil edildi. Sıçanların alt birinci molar dişlerinin etrafına 3-0 ipek sütur bağlanmasıyla periodontitis (P) oluşturularak, şu şekilde 6 gruba ayrıldı: 1- sağlıklı kontrol, 2- periodontitis grubu (P), 3- P+DHA, 4-P+aspirin (ASA) 5- P+DHA+aspirin, 6- P+salin. Etkilenen dişin etrafındaki dişeti eksize edilerek, gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonuyla (GZ-PZR) mRNA ifadesi değerlendirildi. Başlangıçta, RANKL, IL-1ß total miktarları ve RANKL/OPG oranı KP ve AGP gruplarında K grubuna göre yüksekken, OPG konsantrasyonu K grubunda P gruplarına göre istatistiksel olarak daha fazlaydı. IL-10 total miktarı AGP grubunda, KP ve K grubuna göre daha yüksek tespit edildi. Cerrahi periodontal tedaviden sonra, RANKL ve IL-1ß total miktarları gruplar arasında farklılık göstermedi. OPG total miktarı ise AGP grubunda, K grubuna kıyasla daha yüksekti. RANKL/OPG oranı P gruplarında tedaviden sonra da K grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek tespit edildi. IL-10 total miktarı AGP grubunda KP veK gruplarından daha fazlaydı. Periodontal tedaviden sonra, öncesine kıyasla IL-1ß miktarları iki P grubunda da azalırken, diğer sitokinlerin konsantrasyonları artış gösterdi. Deneysel çalışma sonucunda, P grubunda agaroz jelde RANKL mRNA bantları izlenirken, tedavi verilen gruplarda izlenmedi. Çalışmamızın sonuçları, RANKL miktarı artışının ve RANKL/OPG oranındaki dengesizliğin periodontal kemik yıkımının mevcudiyetini yansıtabileceği görüşünü desteklemektedir

Drug economy in the global era and methods of fighting: An example of NARKOTIM project

Uyuşturucu türlerine olan talep yıllar öncesine dayanmaktadır fakat bu talebin güçlenmesi 1960 senesi itibariyle gerçekleşmeye başlamıştır. Küresel ekonomide büyük yeri olan yasa dışı uyuşturucu ticaretinin ekonomik sistemlere olan etkisi önemlidir. Yasa dışı olmasına rağmen yılda 500 milyar dolar işlem hacmine sahiptir ve bu miktar kar oranını fazlasıyla artırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Türkiye'de ve Dünya'da meydana gelen yasa dışı uyuşturucu ticaretini, yasa dışı yöntemlerle elde edilen miktarları ve bu faktörlerin dünya ekonomisine olan etkisini incelemek büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı küresel dönemdeki uyuşturucu ekonomisini ve uyuşturucuyla mücadele yöntemlerini detaylı olarak anlatmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de uyuşturucu maddelerini üreten merkezlerden, uyuşturucu ticaretinde kullanılan rotalardan, uyuşturucu ile mücadeleye yönelik yapılan çalışmalardan ve anlaşmalardan bahsedilmektedir. Ayrıca uyuşturucu ile mücadeleye yönelik Türkiye'de faaliyete geçirilen ve alanında bir ilk olan NARKOTİM Projesinden ayrıntılı olarak yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de uyuşturucu ile mücadele edebilmek adına birçok çalışmanın yapıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye'nin uyuşturucu ticareti için stratejik konumundan dolayı önemli bir noktada olduğu ve uyuşturucuyla mücadeleye yönelik birçok öncül çalışmasının olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışma boyunca literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda birçok makale, kitap ve tez incelenmiştir. Dolayısıyla ortaya konuyla ilgili güncel bir derleme çıkmıştır.The demand for drug types goes back many years ago but this demand started to increase with 1960. The effect of illegal drug trade which has a large place in the global economy, on the economic systems is important. Despite being illegal, it has a transaction volume of 500 billion dollars per year which greatly increases the rate of profit. Therefore, investigation of drug trade, the amount obtained by illegal trades and their relationship with world economy is important to cope with it in the Turkey and World. The aim of this study is to describe the drug economy in the global period and the methods of combating drugs in detail. For this purpose, drug-producing centers, drug trade routes, drug studies and agreements are mentioned in the case of world and Turkey. Also, there is a project about fight against drugs trade that is named as NARKOTIM in Turkey and details of the project are examined in this study. As a conclusion, there are many studies about fight against drugs in the World and Turkey. Besides, Turkey is important for drug trafficking because of its strategic position and it has many studies to fight against drugs. Literature scanning method is used throughout the study. In this correction, many articles books and thesis have been examined. Therefore, there is a current review about the subject at the end of study

Factors Affecting Firm Productivity in Turkey

Paris Agreement is a milestone of climate change mitigation. Before the agreement there was an imbalance in emission regulations between countries which resulted in carbon leakage. It is the first legally binding agreement that gives incentives countries to reduce emissions. It also opened way for international trade regulations such as CBAM where energy incentive firms that export need to decrease emissions in order to stay competitive in the export market. We use firm level data where we constructed the energy costs of each firm. We then calculated the energy intensity of each firm and investigated the changes in energy intensity after the agreement in energy intensive sectors compared to other manufacturing firms in Turkey. We find that the differences in changes in the energy intensity differs for exporters and EU exporters. Results suggest evidence for carbon leakage for firms that had exposure to export market in the pre-reform period and low energy intensity for firms that enter the export market after the agreement

A Communicative Account of Gesturing When Speaking Is Difficult

People gesture when they speak, especially when speaking is difficult. People are more likely to gesture when their speech is disfluent or when they are about to utter a low probability word. Why? According to an influential answer to this question, people gesture when speaking is difficult because gestures facilitate speech production – serving a cognitive function for the speaker. In Study 1, I aimed to conceptually replicate the finding that preventing gestures makes speakers more disfluent – the primary finding that has been interpreted as evidence for this influential hypothesis. Contrary to long-held beliefs, I showed that there is, in fact, no support for the claim that preventing gestures impairs speaking – in a large dataset and re-examining five decades of empirical evidence cited for this claim. If gestures do not help speech production, why then are people more likely to gesture when speaking is difficult? To answer this question, I proposed and tested an alternative explanation. Gesturing when speaking is difficult may not be a mere symptom of speaking difficulties. And gesturing may not be produced to help speakers resolve these difficulties, either. Instead, gesturing when speaking is difficult may be communicatively motivated. In Study 2, I showed that speakers are more likely to gesture when they are disfluent because gestures serve as a pragmatic signal to the listener commenting on experiencing problems with speaking. When gestures were not visible and therefore could not serve as a pragmatic signal to the listener, they were not more likely to occur during disfluent speech than fluent speech. In Study 3, I showed that speakers are more likely to gesture before they are about to utter a low probability word because gestures signal and depict hard to predict words for the listener. When gestures were not visible and could not serve as a communicative signal to the listener, they were not more likely to occur before uttering a low probability word than a high probability word. Together, these three studies motivate a revision to theories of why people gesture. People gesture when speaking is difficult, because gestures provide a communicative signal to the listener, commenting on the process of speaking or the content of upcoming words

Prevalence of dental trauma and mouthguard awareness among weekend warrior soccer players

Traumatic dental and facial injuries are frequent in sports and often cause esthetic, functional, psychological, and economic problems. The term “weekend warrior” is used to describe people who participate in physically demanding activities only on the weekend, or part-time. In this prospective cohort study, we examined the prevalence of dental trauma and knowledge of traumatic dental injuries among weekend warriors in Ankara, Turkey. A detailed questionnaire on mouthguard awareness and knowledge and experience of dental trauma was distributed to 1,007 weekend warrior athletes participating in a soccer tournament. The results showed that 9.8% of participants had experienced orofacial trauma, 21.7% were aware of mouthguards, 2.9% reported using mouthguards, 15.4% were aware of the field of sports dentistry, and 19.6% were aware of emergency treatment for dental trauma. Participation in sports, especially contact sports, greatly increases the risk of dental injury. The present results show that knowledge of traumatic orofacial and dental injuries is limited among weekend warriors. Public health authorities should develop relevant educational programs, including broad dissemination of information on the risks of traumatic dental injuries and methods for protection against such injuries