Communication d’Ariela Gross: « From the Streets to the Courts : Doing the Grassroots History of Race, law and Conservatism »

Comment les logiques de ségrégation raciale se sont-elles reconfigurées en droit dans la période post-ségrégationniste ? Comment une rhétorique qui se veut aveugle à la race (colorblind) est devenue conservatrice ? Suffit-il d’éliminer la race, en tant que catégorie descriptive des discriminations et des ségrégations sociales, pour qu’elle perde de sa force politique ? Ce sont certaines des questions qu’a posées Ariela Gross, Professeure de droit à University of Southern California invitée au..

Communication d’Ariela Gross: « From the Streets to the Courts : Doing the Grassroots History of Race, law and Conservatism »

Comment les logiques de ségrégation raciale se sont-elles reconfigurées en droit dans la période post-ségrégationniste ? Comment une rhétorique qui se veut aveugle à la race (colorblind) est devenue conservatrice ? Suffit-il d’éliminer la race, en tant que catégorie descriptive des discriminations et des ségrégations sociales, pour qu’elle perde de sa force politique ? Ce sont certaines des questions qu’a posées Ariela Gross, Professeure de droit à University of Southern California invitée au..

Grape polyphenols decrease circulating branched chain amino acids in overfed adults

Introduction and aims: Dietary polyphenols have long been associated with health benefits, including the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases. Overfeeding was shown to rapidly induce weight gain and fat mass, associated with mild insulin resistance in humans, and thus represents a suitable model of the metabolic complications resulting from obesity. We studied the effects of a polyphenol-rich grape extract supplementation on the plasma metabolome during an overfeeding intervention in adults, in two randomized parallel controlled clinical trials. Methods: Blood plasma samples from 40 normal weight to overweight male adults, submitted to a 31-day overfeeding (additional 50% of energy requirement by a high calorie-high fructose diet), given either 2 g/day grape polyphenol extract or a placebo at 0, 15, 21, and 31 days were analyzed (Lyon study). Samples from a similarly designed trial on females (20 subjects) were collected in parallel (Lausanne study). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was conducted to characterize metabolome changes induced by overfeeding and associated effects from polyphenol supplementation. The clinical trials are registered under the numbers NCT02145780 and NCT02225457 at ClinicalTrials.gov. Results: Changes in plasma levels of many metabolic markers, including branched chain amino acids (BCAA), ketone bodies and glucose in both placebo as well as upon polyphenol intervention were identified in the Lyon study. Polyphenol supplementation counterbalanced levels of BCAA found to be induced by overfeeding. These results were further corroborated in the Lausanne female study.Conclusion: Administration of grape polyphenol-rich extract over 1 month period was associated with a protective metabolic effect against overfeeding in adults

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

À partir de la fin des années 1970, les associations féministes qui prennent en charge le problème de la violence conjugale se sont insérées dans le secteur social, avec plus ou moins de succès, et ont bénéficié de financements venant de l’État. Dans une période de reconfigurations de l’État social, qui affectent notamment les modes d’attribution des budgets publics, celui-ci perd en légitimité symbolique et voit ses fonctions se modifier. Quels sont les effets de ces mutations sur la prise en charge, étatique et associative, du problème de la violence conjugale ? La comparaison entre la France et les États-Unis met en lumière un paradoxe concernant l’évolution de la cause dans ces deux contextes institutionnels et politiques. Alors que l’État social est moins fort aux États-Unis qu’en France, la légitimité de la cause dans l’espace social permet de créer des droits spécifiques aux femmes victimes et d’instaurer notamment un régime d’exception les prémunissant des contraintes du workfare. Parallèlement, en France, les organisations féministes œuvrent toujours à la pleine reconnaissance de ce problème public et semblent davantage menacées par les réductions budgétaires. En s’appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique menée principalement dans le comté de Los Angeles et en région parisienne, cet article propose de retracer les trajectoires de la cause de la violence conjugale prisme des transformations provoquées par les mutations de l’État social.Conjugal violence is a serious and persistent social problem; one-third of all women globally have been a victim of it. This article will discuss the empirical and theoretical links between conjugal, domestic, and structural violence. The article will start with a short background describing how conjugal violence has been shaped as a socio-criminal problem in Québec. It will then identify the primary knowledge gaps in the field, thereby demonstrating the need to better understand the complex links between conjugal, domestic, and structural violence, three concepts whose definitions could be enhanced and made mutually complementary. The article will stress the importance of considering the diverse realities faced by those involved in these types of violence (women, men, and children), focusing on a broad analysis that integrates not only individual and interpersonal factors but also social and structural factors, in particular oppression based on gender or other social identity markers. The discussion will be enhanced by theoretical models that describe various dynamics of conjugal and domestic violence, as well as by intersectional feminism, which has proved useful in analyzing structural violence. The conclusion will deal with the possible effects of analyzing links between conjugal, family, and structural violence on social policy and intervention programs for victims, committers, and children exposed to conjugal violence

This is what feminisms look likeLutter contre les violences sexuelles, (re)présenter un sujet politique

Taboo until the 1970s, the problem of sexual violence appeared in the social space thanks to a feminist framework, linking personal and political dimensions, private violence and gender dynamics. Characterized by their diversity, the feminist movements which denounce violence have undergone transformations; for instance, their political approaches and modes of action have been renewed since the 1990s. In Cape Cod, students launched a campaign displaying tee shirts which symbolized survivors of sexual violence. This performance, called The Clothesline Project, then spread throughout the United States. By analyzing this action, this article sets out to highlight the evolutions of feminist movements. If The Clothesline Project aims at raising awareness about the issue of violence, women are no longer the main political subject represented, and the roots of the problem are not apparent. This action shows how the politics of representation are reconfigured in contemporary feminisms

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

Conjugal violence is a serious and persistent social problem; one-third of all women globally have been a victim of it. This article will discuss the empirical and theoretical links between conjugal, domestic, and structural violence. The article will start with a short background describing how conjugal violence has been shaped as a socio-criminal problem in Québec. It will then identify the primary knowledge gaps in the field, thereby demonstrating the need to better understand the complex links between conjugal, domestic, and structural violence, three concepts whose definitions could be enhanced and made mutually complementary. The article will stress the importance of considering the diverse realities faced by those involved in these types of violence (women, men, and children), focusing on a broad analysis that integrates not only individual and interpersonal factors but also social and structural factors, in particular oppression based on gender or other social identity markers. The discussion will be enhanced by theoretical models that describe various dynamics of conjugal and domestic violence, as well as by intersectional feminism, which has proved useful in analyzing structural violence. The conclusion will deal with the possible effects of analyzing links between conjugal, family, and structural violence on social policy and intervention programs for victims, committers, and children exposed to conjugal violence

« Violence conjugale / Domestic violence. Sociologie comparée d'un cause féministe (France / Etats-Unis, 1970-2013) », Thèse de sociologie, dir. Eric Fassin, EHESS, 2014.

Comment une cause féministe devient-elle un problème public ? C'est la question à laquelle cette thèse tente de répondre en retraçant l'évolution du traitement de la violence conjugale en France et aux États-Unis des années 1970 à 2013. S'il a longtemps été impensé, le problème de la violence dans le couple hétérosexuel jouit dorénavant d'une certaine reconnaissance. Identifié et dénoncé par des militantes issues des mobilisations féministes de la deuxième vague, il fait aujourd'hui l'objet d..

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

Conjugal violence is a serious and persistent social problem; one-third of all women globally have been a victim of it. This article will discuss the empirical and theoretical links between conjugal, domestic, and structural violence. The article will start with a short background describing how conjugal violence has been shaped as a socio-criminal problem in Québec. It will then identify the primary knowledge gaps in the field, thereby demonstrating the need to better understand the complex links between conjugal, domestic, and structural violence, three concepts whose definitions could be enhanced and made mutually complementary. The article will stress the importance of considering the diverse realities faced by those involved in these types of violence (women, men, and children), focusing on a broad analysis that integrates not only individual and interpersonal factors but also social and structural factors, in particular oppression based on gender or other social identity markers. The discussion will be enhanced by theoretical models that describe various dynamics of conjugal and domestic violence, as well as by intersectional feminism, which has proved useful in analyzing structural violence. The conclusion will deal with the possible effects of analyzing links between conjugal, family, and structural violence on social policy and intervention programs for victims, committers, and children exposed to conjugal violence

Polynut : impact de la consommation de polyphénols sur les mécanismes d'adaptation induit par une suralimentation chez l'Homme

Obesity is a chronic multifactorial disease, leading to many pathologies and whose increase in prevalence is reaching epidemic proportions. The energy imbalance (high intakes vs. low expenditures) leads to excess energy storage in specialized tissues but can lead, in pathological obesity, to ectopic storage leading to numerous metabolic disorders. Given the low success of current strategies to improve the metabolic parameters of people with obesity, it has become necessary to find therapeutic alternatives. In order to answer this question, Pr. Laville and his team decided to test the impact of a grape polyphenol supplementation on the appearance of metabolic disorders induced by one month of overnutrition rich in lipids and fructose. During my thesis, I was able to demonstrate that this type of overnutrition induces weight gain, fat mass and significantly alters insulin sensitivity in our healthy volunteers. However, polyphenol supplementation did not prevent fat gain or changes in insulin sensitivity. Fat mass gain was observed in both depots (subcutaneous and visceral) in both sexes. However, polyphenol supplementation did not limit these changes in men. In women, we noticed that the polyphenols made it possible to reduce gynoid fat mass gain, which resulted in a smaller increase in the size of the cells of this depot. Anthropometric changes are accompanied by molecular alterations. We observed this through analysis of the transcriptome by RNA-sequencing, carried out on biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the cohort of men. Indeed, the nutritional intervention led to a remodeling of genes involved in lipid metabolism, the modulation of the extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. Polyphenol supplementation increased the expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondria, in addition to lipid metabolism. On the other hand, polyphenols had an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis, confirmed by immunohistochemistry. This impact on angiogenesis seems to involve certain polyphenols such as quercetin and isorhamnetin, as suggested by our in vitro results.L’obésité est une maladie chronique multifactorielle, entrainant de nombreuses pathologies et dont l’augmentation de la prévalence atteint des proportions épidémiques. Le déséquilibre énergétique (apports élevés vs dépenses faibles), entraine un stockage de l’énergie en excès dans les tissus spécialisés mais peut aboutir, lors de l’obésité pathologique, à un stockage ectopique entrainant de nombreux désordres métaboliques. Au vu du faible succès des stratégies actuelles pour améliorer les paramètres métaboliques des personnes en situation d’obésité, il est devenu nécessaire de trouver des alternatives thérapeutiques. Afin de répondre à cette question, le Pr. Laville et son équipe ont décidé de tester l’impact d’une supplémentation en polyphénols de raisin sur l’apparition des désordres métaboliques induits par un mois de surnutrition riche en lipides et en fructose. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai pu ainsi démontrer que ce type de surnutrition induit une prise de poids, de masse grasse et altère sensiblement la sensibilité à l’insuline chez nos volontaires sains. La supplémentation en polyphénols n’a cependant pas permis de prévenir la prise de masse grasse, ni les modifications de sensibilité à l’insuline. La prise de masse grasse a été observée dans les deux dépôts (sous-cutané et viscéral) au sein des deux sexes. Cependant la supplémentation en polyphénol n’a pas limité ces modifications chez les hommes. Chez les femmes, nous avons remarqué que les polyphénols ont permis de diminuer la prise de masse grasse gynoïde, qui s’est traduite par une moindre augmentation de la taille des cellules de ce dépôt. Les modifications anthropométriques sont accompagnées d’altérations moléculaires. Nous l’avons observé grâce à l’analyse du transcriptome par RNA-sequencing, réalisé sur les biopsies de tissu adipeux sous-cutané chez la cohorte d’hommes. En effet, l’intervention nutritionnelle a entrainé un remodelage des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme lipidique, la modulation de la matrice extracellulaire ainsi que l’angiogenèse. La supplémentation en polyphénol a quant à elle augmenté l’expression de gènes liés à la phosphorylation oxydative et à la mitochondrie, en plus du métabolisme lipidique. En revanche, les polyphénols ont eu un effet inhibiteur sur l’angiogenèse, confirmé par immunohistochimie. Cet impact sur l’angiogenèse semblerait impliquer certains polyphénols tels que la quercétine et l’isorhamnetine, comme le suggèrent nos résultats in vitro