Identification des critères du grain de blé (Triticum aestivum L.) favorables à la production de bioéthanol par l'étude d'un ensemble de cultivars et par l'analyse protéomique de lignées isogéniques waxy

To identify selection criteria for wheat (T. aestivum L.) used for bioethanol production, our objectives were (1) to identify the physicochemical grain characteristics associated with glucose and ethanol yields and (2) using a proteomic approach, to study the impact on sugar and starch metabolism of genetic variants that influence the quantity of amylose. The analysis of 30 wheat varieties grown in a 3-year multi-local field trial underlined the importance of protein content, grain hardness and starch granule size distribution for glucose and ethanol yields. A minor effect of the allelic composition of the storage proteins and of viscosity on the transformation of starch in fermentable sugars was also revealed. Eight waxy isogenic lines of three French varieties were grown in a multi-local field trial. The amylose-free lines produced less glucose and ethanol than normal varieties. Proteomic analyses of endosperm proteins (albumins, globulins and amphiphilic proteins) and of proteins associated with starch granules in mature grains of isogenic lines of the Tremie variety revealed : (1) a relation between the specific volume of the GBSS and amylose quantity and (2) a modification of the expression of enzymes involved in starch and sugar metabolism (Susy, AGPase, Fructose biphosphate aldolase) and also in stress and defence proteins (serpins and HSP). These observations suggest incomplete grain development in the line without amylose.Dans le but d’identifier des critères de sélection du blé (T. aestivum L.) destiné à la production de bioéthanol, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient (1) de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques physico-chimiques du grain associées aux rendements en glucose et éthanol, et (2), d’étudier par approche protéomique l’effet de variants génétiques affectant la quantité d’amylose sur le métabolisme des sucres et de l’amidon. L’analyse de trente variétés implantées dans un essai multilocal pluriannuel a mis en évidence l’importance du taux de protéines, de la dureté et de la distribution des granules d’amidon sur les rendements en glucose et éthanol. Dans une moindre mesure, la composition allélique des protéines de réserves et la viscosité des arabinoxylanes ont également un effet lors de l’étape de transformation de l’amidon en sucres fermentescibles. Huit lignées isogéniques waxy de trois variétés françaises ont été implantées dans un essai multilocal. Les lignées dépourvues d’amylose ont produit moins de glucose et d’éthanol que les variétés normales. Les analyses protéomiques des protéines de l’albumen (albumines, globulines et amphiphiles) ainsi que des protéines associées aux granules d’amidon des grains matures des lignées isogéniques de la variété Trémie ont mis en évidence : (1) une relation entre le volume spécifique des GBSS et la quantité d’amylose et (2) une modification de l’expression d’enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme des sucres et de l’amidon (Susy, AGPase, fructose biphosphate aldolase) mais aussi de protéines de stress et de défense (serpines et HSP). Ces observations suggèrent un développement du grain incomplet pour la lignée dépourvue d’amylose

Identification of grain wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) criteria associated with bioethanol production in studying a set of cultivars and using proteomic analysis of waxy isogenic lines

Dans le but d’identifier des critères de sélection du blé (T. aestivum L.) destiné à la production de bioéthanol, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient (1) de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques physico-chimiques du grain associées aux rendements en glucose et éthanol, et (2), d’étudier par approche protéomique l’effet de variants génétiques affectant la quantité d’amylose sur le métabolisme des sucres et de l’amidon. L’analyse de trente variétés implantées dans un essai multilocal pluriannuel a mis en évidence l’importance du taux de protéines, de la dureté et de la distribution des granules d’amidon sur les rendements en glucose et éthanol. Dans une moindre mesure, la composition allélique des protéines de réserves et la viscosité des arabinoxylanes ont également un effet lors de l’étape de transformation de l’amidon en sucres fermentescibles. Huit lignées isogéniques waxy de trois variétés françaises ont été implantées dans un essai multilocal. Les lignées dépourvues d’amylose ont produit moins de glucose et d’éthanol que les variétés normales. Les analyses protéomiques des protéines de l’albumen (albumines, globulines et amphiphiles) ainsi que des protéines associées aux granules d’amidon des grains matures des lignées isogéniques de la variété Trémie ont mis en évidence : (1) une relation entre le volume spécifique des GBSS et la quantité d’amylose et (2) une modification de l’expression d’enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme des sucres et de l’amidon (Susy, AGPase, fructose biphosphate aldolase) mais aussi de protéines de stress et de défense (serpines et HSP). Ces observations suggèrent un développement du grain incomplet pour la lignée dépourvue d’amylose.To identify selection criteria for wheat (T. aestivum L.) used for bioethanol production, our objectives were (1) to identify the physicochemical grain characteristics associated with glucose and ethanol yields and (2) using a proteomic approach, to study the impact on sugar and starch metabolism of genetic variants that influence the quantity of amylose. The analysis of 30 wheat varieties grown in a 3-year multi-local field trial underlined the importance of protein content, grain hardness and starch granule size distribution for glucose and ethanol yields. A minor effect of the allelic composition of the storage proteins and of viscosity on the transformation of starch in fermentable sugars was also revealed. Eight waxy isogenic lines of three French varieties were grown in a multi-local field trial. The amylose-free lines produced less glucose and ethanol than normal varieties. Proteomic analyses of endosperm proteins (albumins, globulins and amphiphilic proteins) and of proteins associated with starch granules in mature grains of isogenic lines of the Tremie variety revealed : (1) a relation between the specific volume of the GBSS and amylose quantity and (2) a modification of the expression of enzymes involved in starch and sugar metabolism (Susy, AGPase, Fructose biphosphate aldolase) and also in stress and defence proteins (serpins and HSP). These observations suggest incomplete grain development in the line without amylose

Patrimoine génétique : Le CRB recèle les trésors des céréales à paille

National audience14 000 blés tendre, 2800 blés durs, 6600 orges, 1600 avoines, 1400 triticales, 450 aegilops, 80 seigles… : le Centre de Ressources Biologiques (CRB) de l’INRAE à Clermont-Ferrand rassemble sa collection de céréales à paille dont la quasi totalité des blés cultivés en France depuis le XIXe siècle. Chercheurs, entreprises voire agriculteurs peuvent valoriser toute la diversité de ce patrimoine génétique

Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) diversity of ancient wheat and related species

Granule-bound starch synthase of ancient wheat and related species was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel. A total of 13 different alleles were revealed in a collection of three accessions of diploid wheat, six accessions of tetraploid wheat, 49 accessions of spelt wheat, nine accessions of Sitopsis and two accessions of Aegilops tauschii. A new allele named Wx-A1a' appeared in four spelt wheat accessions. The tetraploid wheat accessions evaluated did not show any polymorphism; nevertheless the tetraploid accessions of Sitopsis section revealed three novel alleles. The novel allele Wx-D(dn)1g was found in two accessions of A. ventricosa and the Wx-D(dcm)1h and Wx-D(dcm)1i in two accessions of A. crassa. A novel allele named Wx-A(u)1g was found in Triticum urartu, which is different from the also new Wx-A(m)1h allele of T. monococcum. The diploid-related species accessions revealed two novel alleles named Wx-B(sl)1h and Wx-B(s)1g found, respectively, in A. longissima and A. speltoides. The amylose content was measured for the different alleles found in all evaluated species and no significant effects of the allele composition on the amylose content were detected

A Laboratory Protocol for Determining Glucose and Maximum Ethanol Production from Wheat Grain: Application to a Complete Genetic Set of Near-Isogenic Waxy Lines

A laboratory protocol was developed to assess glucose and ethanol yields from wheat. The impact of the analyzed wholemeal flour quantity and the saccharification on the amount of released glucose was estimated. The whole process including the analytical methods (glucose and ethanol) was repeatable and reproducible. This protocol was used to assess the glucose and ethanol yields of six varieties and of a complete set of hexaploid near-isogenic waxy lines of cv. Tremie grown in three locations. As compared to the normal line of Tremie, double null (AnBnD) and triple null (nAnBnD) isogenic lines showed a low Hagberg falling number (218, 65, and 63 s, respectively), a higher grain protein content (10.7, 11.5, and 12.1% DM, respectively), a lower glucose yield (728, 703, and 707 kg/t, respectively), and a lower ethanol yield (463, 453, and 452 L/t, respectively). These values indicate a strong involvement of alleles encoded at Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 loci in grain composition

Effect of the three waxy null alleles on enzymes associated to wheat starch granules using proteomic approach

In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L), waxy genes are present at three loci (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) and are responsible for amylose synthesis in the grain. Near isogenic lines (NILs) of the agronomic cultivar Tremie with either one, two or three waxy null alleles were used to study the genome response to these null alleles through proteomic analysis of starch granule associated proteins of mature grain. Among the 352 spots that were revealed, 86 varied significantly between NILs. The main differences were observed for the granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), product of the waxy genes. A strong relation (R(2) = 0.94) between the amount of GBSS per gram of starch granule and the amylose quantity in the grain was revealed through quantification of the GBSS in each NIL The analysis of GBSS quantity for each NIL invalidated the additive hypothesis for the expression of this enzyme in (Wx-A1a Wx-D1a Wx-B1b) (Wx-D1a Wx-B1a Wx-A1b) and the normal form of Tremie. In addition, four proteins identified as inactive GBSS were increased (+144.9%) in the triple null isogenic form compared to the normal form of Tremie. The quantitative variations of the proteins present in starch granules support the idea of regulatory mechanisms between genomes

Extraction and Proteome Analysis of Starch Granule-Associated Proteins in Mature Wheat Kernel (Triticum aestivum L.)

Starch consists of the two glucose polymers, amylose and amylopectin, and is deposited as semicrystalline granules inside plastids. The starch granule proteome is particularly challenging to study due to the amount of interfering compounds (sugars, storage proteins), the very low starch granule-associated protein content and also the dynamic range of abundant proteins. Here we present the protocol for extraction and 2-DE of wheat starch granule-associated proteins whose most important steps are: (i) washing and sonication to remove interfering compounds (storage proteins) from the surface of the granules, (ii) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations to monitor purification and granules swelling, (iii) appropriate protein extraction and solubilization to obtain enough proteins for Coomassie blue staining and proteomic analysis. Our objective was to minimize the amount of contamination by storage proteins and to preserve the structure of the starch and of starch-associated proteins and to maximize the number of polypeptides that can be resolved. For quantitative proteomic analysis of proteins associated with wheat starch granules, we developed a two-step protein extraction protocol including TCA/acetone precipitation and phenol extraction. With this protocol, proteins were extracted from wheat starch granules and solubilized and satisfactory blue-stained 2-DE protein maps were obtained. The majority of the spots associated with starch granules were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS and functionally classified into carbohydrate metabolism and stress defense

Analyses of albumins, globulins and amphiphilic proteins by proteomic approach give new insights on waxy wheat starch metabolism

Starch is composed of two types of glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin. The Waxy (Wx) locus controls amylose synthesis in the wheat kernel. Hexaploid wheat has three Wx loci located on chromosomes 7A (Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1), and 7D (Wx-D1). Eight near isogenic lines (NILs) of Triticum aestivum cv. Tremie with one, two or three Wx null alleles were used. The albumin-globulin fraction, and amphiphilic proteins were separated using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) allowing the changes in the waxy kernel to be identified. Albumin-globulin fraction showed overexpression of sucrose synthases in the waxy NILs compared to the normal form of Tremie and a decrease in many proteins related to stress and defence metabolism such as serpins. A subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), which is known to play a major role in starch synthesis, was also shown to be down regulated in the waxy NILs. Amphiphilic proteins confirmed the observations made on the albumin-globulin fraction with a decrease in a stress-related protein. These different regulations linked to observations made on wheat kernel (thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein amount per grain, size and distribution of the starch granules) led to formulation of the hypothesis that waxy endosperm does not reach maturity of the wild-type endosperm

Proteomic and morphological analysis of early stages of wheat grain development

The identification of 249 proteins in the first 2 wks of wheat grain development enabled the chronological description of the early processes of grain formation. Cell division involved expression of the enzymes and proteins of the cytoskeleton and structure, DNA repair and replication enzymes and cellular metabolism enzymes (synthesis of amino acids, cell wall initiation, carbon fixation and energy production, cofactors and vitamins) with a peak expression at 125°Cday (degrees day after anthesis). After the first synthesis of amino acids, protein transport mechanisms, translation signals, sugar metabolism (polymerization of protein) and stress/defence proteins were activated with stable expression between 150 and 280°Cday. Proteins responsible for folding and degradation, including different subunits of proteasome, were highly expressed at 195°Cday. Proteins associated with starch granules (GBSS type 1) were present at the beginning of grain formation and increased regularly up to 280°Cday. Heat shock proteins (HSP70, 80, 90) were expressed throughout the early grain development stages