Stability of f(R) black holes

We investigate the stability of $f(R)$ (Schwarzschild) black hole obtained from the $f(R)$ gravity. It is difficult to carry out the perturbation analysis around the black hole because the linearized Einstein equation is fourth order in $f(R)$ gravity. In order to resolve this difficulty, we transform $f(R)$ gravity into the scalar-tensor theory by introducing two auxiliary scalars. In this case, the linearized curvature scalar becomes a scalaron, showing that all linearized equations are second order, which are the same equations for the massive Brans-Dicke theory. It turns out that the $f(R)$ black hole is stable against the external perturbations if the scalaron does not have a tachyonic mass.Comment: 16 pages, no figures, version to appear in Physical Review

Quantum Hall Ferromagnets: Induced Topological term and electromagnetic interactions

The $\nu = 1$ quantum Hall ground state in materials like GaAs is well known to be ferromagnetic in nature. The exchange part of the Coulomb interaction provides the necessary attractive force to align the electron spins spontaneously. The gapless Goldstone modes are the angular deviations of the magnetisation vector from its fixed ground state orientation. Furthermore, the system is known to support electrically charged spin skyrmion configurations. It has been claimed in the literature that these skyrmions are fermionic owing to an induced topological Hopf term in the effective action governing the Goldstone modes. However, objections have been raised against the method by which this term has been obtained from the microscopics of the system. In this article, we use the technique of the derivative expansion to derive, in an unambiguous manner, the effective action of the angular degrees of freedom, including the Hopf term. Furthermore, we have coupled perturbative electromagnetic fields to the microscopic fermionic system in order to study their effect on the spin excitations. We have obtained an elegant expression for the electromagnetic coupling of the angular variables describing these spin excitations.Comment: 23 pages, Plain TeX, no figure

Image patch analysis of sunspots and active regions. II. Clustering via matrix factorization

Separating active regions that are quiet from potentially eruptive ones is a key issue in Space Weather applications. Traditional classification schemes such as Mount Wilson and McIntosh have been effective in relating an active region large scale magnetic configuration to its ability to produce eruptive events. However, their qualitative nature prevents systematic studies of an active region's evolution for example. We introduce a new clustering of active regions that is based on the local geometry observed in Line of Sight magnetogram and continuum images. We use a reduced-dimension representation of an active region that is obtained by factoring the corresponding data matrix comprised of local image patches. Two factorizations can be compared via the definition of appropriate metrics on the resulting factors. The distances obtained from these metrics are then used to cluster the active regions. We find that these metrics result in natural clusterings of active regions. The clusterings are related to large scale descriptors of an active region such as its size, its local magnetic field distribution, and its complexity as measured by the Mount Wilson classification scheme. We also find that including data focused on the neutral line of an active region can result in an increased correspondence between our clustering results and other active region descriptors such as the Mount Wilson classifications and the $R$ value. We provide some recommendations for which metrics, matrix factorization techniques, and regions of interest to use to study active regions.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (SWSC). 33 pages, 12 figure

Image patch analysis of sunspots and active regions. I. Intrinsic dimension and correlation analysis

The flare-productivity of an active region is observed to be related to its spatial complexity. Mount Wilson or McIntosh sunspot classifications measure such complexity but in a categorical way, and may therefore not use all the information present in the observations. Moreover, such categorical schemes hinder a systematic study of an active region's evolution for example. We propose fine-scale quantitative descriptors for an active region's complexity and relate them to the Mount Wilson classification. We analyze the local correlation structure within continuum and magnetogram data, as well as the cross-correlation between continuum and magnetogram data. We compute the intrinsic dimension, partial correlation, and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) of image patches of continuum and magnetogram active region images taken from the SOHO-MDI instrument. We use masks of sunspots derived from continuum as well as larger masks of magnetic active regions derived from the magnetogram to analyze separately the core part of an active region from its surrounding part. We find the relationship between complexity of an active region as measured by Mount Wilson and the intrinsic dimension of its image patches. Partial correlation patterns exhibit approximately a third-order Markov structure. CCA reveals different patterns of correlation between continuum and magnetogram within the sunspots and in the region surrounding the sunspots. These results also pave the way for patch-based dictionary learning with a view towards automatic clustering of active regions.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (SWSC). 23 pages, 11 figure

Volcanic Generation of Tsunamis: Two New Zealand Palaeo-Events

Rapid emplacement of a mass via pyroclastic flows, or edifice failure, generates volcanic tsunamis. Physical modelling demonstrates that the efficiency of tsuna-mi generation is influenced by the angle the mass enters the ocean. Efficiency de-creases with increasing slope angle from 20° to 60°, before increasing to a maxi-mum at 90°, which corresponds to a mass falling directly into the ocean without interacting with the slope (impact tsunami). Further, in the case of surging pyro-clastic flows or regressive failures, successive closely spaced events may generate larger tsunami waves than a single event of comparable volume. It is difficult to assess if physical model results are meaningful for real world tsu-nami events due to limited observational data. This paper compares numerical models developed from physical simulations with palaeotsunami deposits from two New Zealand palaeo-events – pyroclastic flows from Mt Tarawera and edi-fice failure at Whakaari (White Island) – which constrains numerical simulations of the source mechanisms. The Mt Tarawera event involved multiple pyroclastic flows entering a lake during the AD 1314±12 Kaharoa Eruption. The interaction of multiple closely spaced pyroclastic flows is necessary to generate the 6-7 m maximum wave height inferred from near source tsunami deposits. Tsunami de-posits in the Bay of Plenty, dated to 2962±52 BP, are consistent with edifice fail-ure at Whakaari. In this case a single event with a volume of 0.23 km3 is suffi-cient to account for the tsunami deposits. Hence, if the failure was regressive, the successive stages were sufficiently close together to be indistinguishable from a large single event

Coexistence of bulk and surface states probed by Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in Bi2_2Se3_3 with high charge-carrier density

Topological insulators are ideally represented as having an insulating bulk with topologically protected, spin-textured surface states. However, it is increasingly becoming clear that these surface transport channels can be accompanied by a finite conducting bulk, as well as additional topologically trivial surface states. To investigate these parallel conduction transport channels, we studied Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in Bi$_2$Se$_3$ thin films, in high magnetic fields up to 30 T so as to access channels with a lower mobility. We identify a clear Zeeman-split bulk contribution to the oscillations from a comparison between the charge-carrier densities extracted from the magnetoresistance and the oscillations. Furthermore, our analyses indicate the presence of a two-dimensional state and signatures of additional states the origin of which cannot be conclusively determined. Our findings underpin the necessity of theoretical studies on the origin of and the interplay between these parallel conduction channels for a careful analysis of the material's performance.Comment: Manuscript including supplemental materia

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system with balance detection

A Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system with two spectrometers in balance detection is assembled using each an InGaAs linear camera. Conditions and adjustments of spectrometer parameters are presented to ensure anti-phase channeled spectrum modulation across the two cameras for a majority of wavelengths within the optical source spectrum. By blocking the signal to one of the spectrometers, the setup was used to compare the conditions of operation of a single camera with that of a balanced configuration. Using multiple layer samples, balanced detection technique is compared with techniques applied to conventional single camera setups, based on sequential deduction of averaged spectra collected with different on/off settings for the sample or reference beams. In terms of reducing the autocorrelation terms and fixed pattern noise, it is concluded that balance detection performs better than single camera techniques, is more tolerant to movement, exhibits longer term stability and can operate dynamically in real time. The cameras used exhibit larger saturation power than the power threshold where excess photon noise exceeds shot noise. Therefore, conditions to adjust the two cameras to reduce the noise when used in a balanced configuration are presented. It is shown that balance detection can reduce the noise in real time operation, in comparison with single camera configurations. However, simple deduction of an average spectrum in single camera configurations delivers less noise than the balance detection

Complete and partial organizing for corporate social responsibility

This paper investigates different modes of organizing for corporate social responsibility (CSR). Based on insights from organization theory, we theorize two ways to organize for CSR. “Complete” organization for CSR happens within businesses and depends on the availability of certain organizational elements (e.g., membership, hierarchy, rules, monitoring, and sanctioning). By contrast, “partial” organization for CSR happens when organizers do not have direct access to all these organizational elements. We discuss partial organization for CSR by analyzing how standards and cross-sector partnerships make selective use of organizational elements. We maintain that an important feature of the increasing institutionalization of CSR—not only within businesses but also among non-governmental, governmental, and professional actors—is the rise of partial forms of organization. We discuss the contributions to this Special Issue in the context of our theorization of complete/partial organization for CSR and outline avenues for further research

Numerical Investigation on Asymmetric Bilayer System at Integer Filling Factor

Deformation of the easy-axis ferromagnetic state in asymmetric bilayer systems are investigated numerically. Using the exact diagonalization the easy-axis to easy-plane ferromagnetic transition at total filling factor 3 or 4 is investigated. At still higher filling, novel stripe state in which stripes are aligned in the vertical direction occurs. The Hartree-Fock energies of relevant ordered states are calculated and compared.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings of EP2DS-15, to appear in Physica

Stability of Schwarzschild black hole in f(R) gravity with the dynamical Chern-Simons term

We perform the stability analysis of the Schwarzschild black hole in $f(R)$ gravity with the parity-violating Chern-Simons (CS) term coupled to a dynamical scalar field $\theta$. For this purpose, we transform the $f(R)$ gravity into the scalar-tensor theory by introducing a scalaron $\phi$, providing the dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity with two scalars. The perturbation equation for the scalar $\theta$ is coupled to the odd-parity metric perturbation equation, providing a system of two coupled second order equations, while the scalaron is coupled to the even-parity perturbation equation. This implies that the CS coupling affects the Regge-Wheeler equation, while $f(R)$ gravity does not affect the Zerilli equation. It turns out that the Schwarzschild black hole is stable against the external perturbations if the scalaron is free from the tachyon.Comment: 14 pages, no figures, version to appear in PR