The transcriptional landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana pattern-triggered immunity

Plants tailor their metabolism to environmental conditions, in part through the recognition of a wide array of self and non-self molecules. In particular, the perception of microbial or plant-derived molecular patterns by cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces pattern-triggered immunity, which includes massive transcriptional reprogramming1. An increasing number of plant PRRs and corresponding ligands are known, but whether plants tune their immune outputs to patterns of different biological origins or of different biochemical natures remains mostly unclear. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic analysis in an early time series focused to study rapid-signalling transcriptional outputs induced by well-characterized patterns in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This revealed that the transcriptional responses to diverse patterns (independent of their origin, biochemical nature or type of PRR) are remarkably congruent. Moreover, many of the genes most rapidly and commonly upregulated by patterns are also induced by abiotic stresses, suggesting that the early transcriptional response to patterns is part of the plant general stress response (GSR). As such, plant cells' response is in the first instance mostly to danger. Notably, the genetic impairment of the GSR reduces pattern-induced antibacterial immunity, confirming the biological relevance of this initial danger response. Importantly, the definition of a small subset of 'core immunity response' genes common and specific to pattern response revealed the function of previously uncharacterized GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) calcium-permeable channels in immunity. This study thus illustrates general and unique properties of early immune transcriptional reprogramming and uncovers important components of plant immunity

Synthesis, antibacterial, antielastase, antiurease and antioxidant activities of new methoxy substitued bis-1,2,4-triazole derivatives

yanardag, refiye/0000-0003-4185-4363WOS: 000313663400009PubMed: 22085138The methoxy substitued two novel bis triazole-schiff bases (6 a-b) were synthesized with 4-amino-3,5-diethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole and various bis-aldehydes. Their amine derivatives prepared by reduced with NaBH4 (5 a-b). The obtained products 6 a-b and 7 a-b were identified by FT-IR, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR. The bis triazole-schiff bases and amine derivatives were tested for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion technique against 11 bacteria. The synthesized compounds (6 a-b and 7 a-b) were screened for their antielastase, antiurease and antioxidant activities. The resuts showed that the synthesized compounds (6 a-b and 7 a-b) had effective antielastase and antiurease activities

Selection shapes the robustness of ligand-binding amino acids

The phenotypes of biological systems are to some extent robust to genotypic changes. Such robustness exists on multiple levels of biological organization. We analyzed this robustness for two categories of amino acids in proteins. Specifically, we studied the codons of amino acids that bind or do not bind small molecular ligands. We asked to what extent codon changes caused by mutation or mistranslation may affect physicochemical amino acid properties or protein folding. We found that the codons of ligand-binding amino acids are on average more robust than those of non-binding amino acids. Because mistranslation is usually more frequent than mutation, we speculate that selection for error mitigation at the translational level stands behind this phenomenon. Our observations suggest that natural selection can affect the robustness of very small units of biological organization