638 research outputs found

    Concessão de crédito para microempreendedores individuais, pequenas e médias empresas

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    O crédito corporativo é um requisito de suma importância para o início das operações da maioria das empresas, que necessitam de fluxo de caixa que nem sempre está disponível no aporte inicial dos sócios ou dos investidores. Essa demanda tende a ser maior nas micros, pequenas e médias empresas, entretanto, quando a necessidade de crédito é para investimentos e/ou melhorias nas suas operações, todas podem ser obrigadas a recorrer a essa ferramenta. Nesse sentido, o administrador financeiro tem a sua importância na análise daqueles que demandam crédito e na definição de um limite para os mesmos, a fim de que esse atinja um equilíbrio entre a necessidade da empresa e a sua capacidade de pagamento. Esta monografia tem o intuito de mostrar diferentes métodos de análise de risco que permitam a tomada de decisão, baseada não apenas nas referências teóricas disponíveis sobre o assunto, mas também na experiência do autor na área. Com ela, podemos concluir que a definição de um limite de crédito para determinada empresa não pode se basear em apenas dois ou três fatores que se mostram aparentemente mais relevantes, mas sim no conjunto de todas as variáveis que estão disponíveis no momento da análise, visto que somente na visão do todo é possível chegar a uma conclusão otimizando o retorno e o risco

    CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE VILA INSERIDA NO CONTEXTO URBANO

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    Industrialization in Brazil starts from the end of the century XIX and this growing process and the rural exodus had multiple reflections in society, among them the emergence of workers’ villages in order to provide the workers adequate housing as well as keep them close to the work site. In principle, these villages were targeted at the working classes,however, over the years, this architectural model has become a desired goal of the middle and upper middle classes who saw at these small nuclei, the practicality of living downtown or nearby, besides the comfort and individuality allied to the privacy and security that this type of housing development offers. In this sense, this paper aims to verify, through study cases, the situation and occupation of workers in some villages at the Capital City of São Paulo and in some towns of the state, showing the change in public that occupie such housing as well as the concepts of modern urban planning has been adapted to new residential developments. The results show the desires of residents in questions safety allied to the comfort and quality of life. These findings have led the public and private actors to develop urban solutions that meet this demand.A industrialização no Brasil tem início a partir do final do século XIX e esse processo crescente e o êxodo rural tiveram vários reflexos na sociedade, dentre eles, o surgimento das vilas operárias com o intuito de prover aos operários, moradia adequada além de mantê-los próximos ao local de trabalho. A princípio, essas vilas eram destinadas às classes operárias, no entanto, com o decorrer dos anos, esse modelo arquitetônico tornou-se objeto de procura das classes média e média alta que perceberam nesses pequenos núcleos, a praticidade de se morar no centro ou próximo aos centros urbanos, além do conforto e individualidade das casas aliados a privacidade e segurança que esse tipo de conjunto residencial oferece. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é verificar de forma empírica, por meio de estudos de caso, uma abordagem da situação e ocupação de algumas vilas operárias na capital de São Paulo e em algumas cidades do interior do estado, demonstrando a mudança ocorrida no público ocupante desse tipo de habitação bem como os conceitos de urbanismo moderno têm sido adaptados aos novos conjuntos residenciais. Os resultados obtidos mostram os anseios dos moradores nos quesitos segurança aliados ao conforto e qualidade de vida. Estas constatações têm direcionado os agentes públicos e privados a desenvolverem soluções urbanísticas que atendam a essa demanda

    O estupro sob a ótica feminina: violência de gênero na literatura

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    Nesse artigo discutiremos como o estupro é um construto da sociedade sexista realizado com a finalidade de controlar inseguranças e impotências de “homens e mulheres”, personagens de obras literárias. A violência do corpo tomado sem consentimento sangra incapacidades, impulsos e sonhos, e na ausência do empoderamento pelo discurso, sujeitos são e estão estuprados

    Principais características biológicas e sociais do recém-nascido de baixo peso

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    A study was made on the main biological and social characteristics of low birth-weight (;£; 2500 g) as compared to normal weight (>; 2500 g) based on a sample of newborn admited to the nursery and born at the "Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo" during the period of one year. The individual characteristics of the new-born were evaluated according to the variables sex, color, anthropometric measures and clinical conditions. Medical care given to new-born was studied not only as to the aspect of quantity but also of quality. Social-economic conditions were analyzed based on the characterization of family size, legal conditions of marriage, man-power qualification, schooling and income. Behavior and attitudes of mothers of the newborn were also analyzed as regards the utilization of health facilities, ideal age of delivery and ideal number of children. The main biological and social characteristics identified and analyzed in this study put forth elements that will help to establish comprehensive care to the pregnant woman, thus allowing a decrease in the occurrence of low birth-weight.Estudou-se as principais características biológicas e sociais do recém-nascido de baixo peso (;£; 2.500 g) comparado com o de peso normal (>; 2.500) através de uma amostra de recém-nascidos admitidos no berçário e nascidos na Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP durante o período de 1 ano. As características individuais do recém-nascido foram avaliadas através das variáveis sexo, cor, medidas antropométricas e condições clínicas. A assistência dispensada ao recém-nascido foi estudada quer sob o ponto de vista quantitativo como qualitativo. As condições sócio-econômicas foram analisadas através da caracterização ao tamanho da família, tipo de união, qualificação da mão de obra, escolaridade e renda. Também foram analisados o comportamento e a atitude das mães dos recém-nascidos quanto à utilização dos recursos de saúde, idade ideal para ter filhos e número ideal de filhos. As principais características médico-sociais identificadas e analisadas neste estudo fornecem elementos para subsidiar o estabelecimento de uma assistência global à gestante

    FDG-PET/CT imaging for staging and target volume delineation in conformal radiotherapy of anal carcinoma

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    Background: FDG-PET/CT imaging has an emerging role in staging and treatment planning of various tumor locations and a number of literature studies show that also the carcinoma of the anal canal may benefit from this diagnostic approach. We analyzed the potential impact of FDG-PET/CT in stage definition and target volume delineation of patients affected by carcinoma of the anal canal and candidates for curative radiotherapy. Methods: Twenty seven patients with biopsy proven anal carcinoma were enrolled. Pathology was squamous cell carcinoma in 20 cases, cloacogenic carcinoma in 3, adenocarcinoma in 2, and basal cell carcinoma in 2. Simulation was performed by PET/CT imaging with patient in treatment position. Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) and Clinical Target Volume (CTV) were drawn on CT and on PET/CT fused images. PET-GTV and PET-CTV were respectively compared to CT-GTV and CT-CTV by Wilcoxon rank test for paired data. Results: PET/CT fused images led to change the stage in 5/27 cases (18.5%): 3 cases from N0 to N2 and 2 from M0 to M1 leading to change the treatment intent from curative to palliative in a case. Based on PET/CT imaging, GTV and CTV contours changed in 15/27 (55.6%) and in 10/27 cases (37.0%) respectively. PET-GTV and PET-CTV resulted significantly smaller than CT-GTV (p = 1.2 7 10-4) and CT-CTV (p = 2.9 7 10-4). PET/CT-GTV and PET/CT-CTV, that were used for clinical purposes, were significantly greater than CT-GTV (p = 6 7 10-5) and CT-CTV (p = 6 7 10-5). Conclusions: FDG-PET/CT has a potential relevant impact in staging and target volume delineation of the carcinoma of the anal canal. Clinical stage variation occurred in 18.5% of cases with change of treatment intent in 3.7%. The GTV and the CTV changed in shape and in size based on PET/CT imaging

    High levels of T lymphocyte activation in Leishmania-HIV-1 co-infected individuals despite low HIV viral load

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Concomitant infections may influence HIV progression by causing chronic activation leading to decline in T-cell function. In the Americas, visceral (AVL) and tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) have emerged as important opportunistic infections in HIV-AIDS patients and both of those diseases have been implicated as potentially important co-factors in disease progression. We investigated whether leishmaniasis increases lymphocyte activation in HIV-1 co-infected patients. This might contribute to impaired cellular immune function.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To address this issue we analyzed CD4<sup>+ </sup>T absolute counts and the proportion of CD8<sup>+ </sup>T cells expressing CD38 in <it>Leishmania</it>/HIV co-infected patients that recovered after anti-leishmanial therapy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that, despite clinical remission of leishmaniasis, AVL co-infected patients presented a more severe immunossupression as suggested by CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cell counts under 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, differing from ATL/HIV-AIDS cases that tends to show higher lymphocytes levels (over 350 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>). Furthermore, five out of nine, AVL/HIV-AIDS presented low CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cell counts in spite of low or undetectable viral load. Expression of CD38 on CD8<sup>+ </sup>T lymphocytes was significantly higher in AVL or ATL/HIV-AIDS cases compared to HIV/AIDS patients without leishmaniasis or healthy subjects.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Leishmania </it>infection can increase the degree of immune system activation in individuals concomitantly infected with HIV. In addition, AVL/HIV-AIDS patients can present low CD4<sup>+ </sup>T cell counts and higher proportion of activated T lymphocytes even when HIV viral load is suppressed under HAART. This fact can cause a misinterpretation of these laboratorial markers in co-infected patients.</p

    Modelo para o atendimento global à criança em um hospital escola

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    A model for multiprofessional care to be used in teaching hospitals was presented. The systematization of basic data allows specific identification of the physical and psychosocial conditions of the child, besides knowledge of the family situation and community characterization. With these elements the elaboration of a global diagnosis aiming at the treatment of the child, the changing of unfavourable environmental conditions and development or enhancement of favourable conditions for its growth and development becomes possible. This approach, regardind attention, permits treatment that fulfils the child's biological, cognitive, affective and psychomotor needs. As for tuition, it propitiates the development of personnel with a biological and psychosocial view of health, creating opportunities for multiprofessional teamwork. In reference to research, it allows the undergoing of studies regarding standardization of patterns of care in the medical, social work, nursing, nutrition and health education fields.Foi apresentado um modelo de atendimento multiprofissional para uso em hospital escola, embasado numa visão global da problemática de saúde da criança. A utilização do modelo, pela sistematização de dados considerados básicos, permite além da identificação específica das condições físicas e psico-sociais da criança, um conhecimento da situação familiar e caracterização da comunidade. Com estes elementos, torna-se factível a elaboração de um diagnóstico global, visando o tratamento da criança, a modificação de situações ambientais desfavoráveis à criança ou reforço de condições favoráveis a seu melhor crescimento e desenvolvimento. Esta abordagem, com relação à assistência, possibilita um tratamento que atenda às necessidades da criança nos seus aspectos biológico, cognitivo, afetivo e psicomotor. Com relação ao ensino, favorece a formação de profissionais com uma visão biológica e psico-social de saúde, dando oportunidade para desenvolvimento de trabalho em equipe multiprofissional. Em termos de pesquisa, permite a realização de estudos de normalização de atendimento nas áreas médica, de serviço social, de enfermagem, de nutrição e de educação para a saúde

    High-resolution analysis of copy number alterations and associated expression changes in ovarian tumors

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>DNA copy number alterations are frequently observed in ovarian cancer, but it remains a challenge to identify the most relevant alterations and the specific causal genes in those regions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We obtained high-resolution 500K SNP array data for 52 ovarian tumors and identified the most statistically significant minimal genomic regions with the most prevalent and highest-level copy number alterations (recurrent CNAs). Within a region of recurrent CNA, comparison of expression levels in tumors with a given CNA to tumors lacking that CNA and to whole normal ovary samples was used to select genes with CNA-specific expression patterns. A public expression array data set of laser capture micro-dissected (LCM) non-malignant fallopian tube epithelia and LCM ovarian serous adenocarcinoma was used to evaluate the effect of cell-type mixture biases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fourteen recurrent deletions were detected on chromosomes 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22 and most prevalently on X and 8. Copy number and expression data suggest several apoptosis mediators as candidate drivers of the 8p deletions. Sixteen recurrent gains were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19, and 20, with the most prevalent gains localized to 8q and 3q. Within the 8q amplicon, <it>PVT1</it>, but not <it>MYC</it>, was strongly over-expressed relative to tumors lacking this CNA and showed over-expression relative to normal ovary. Likewise, the cell polarity regulators <it>PRKCI </it>and <it>ECT2 </it>were identified as putative drivers of two distinct amplicons on 3q. Co-occurrence analyses suggested potential synergistic or antagonistic relationships between recurrent CNAs. Genes within regions of recurrent CNA showed an enrichment of Cancer Census genes, particularly when filtered for CNA-specific expression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These analyses provide detailed views of ovarian cancer genomic changes and highlight the benefits of using multiple reference sample types for the evaluation of CNA-specific expression changes.</p
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