Fertility transition in India: An application of Bongaarts model

Fertility in India has been steadily declining. It almost reached the replacement level in 2015 to 2016 and evidence shows that proximate determinants has a direct influence on fertility. The study aims at calculating the proximate determinants of fertility in India for the period from 2005 to 06 and 2015 to 16 as well as determine the most significant proximate determinant of fertility in India. It also examines the rural – urban fertility differentials for the year 2015 to 2016. The proximate determinants of fertility for few selected states in India has been calculated from 2015 to 2016. The study of the proximate determinants can help expanding clinical and community based contraceptive distribution, promoting breastfeeding, increasing age at marriage and reduce unintended pregnancies. The study is based on data obtained from National Family and Health Survey Round 3 and National Family and Health Survey Round 4. Bivariate analysis had been done to analyze the distribution of currently married women at age of 15 to 49 by biological and behavioral characteristics as well as decomposition analysis had been used to find the contribution of each indices. It is revealed from the study that an increase in use of contraception has led to decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) over the decade. The knowledge of contraception is almost universal in India. Even after a slight decline in proportion married, there had been a considerably high contribution of the proportion married towards increasing Total Fertility Rate (TFR). It is evident from the decomposition that only the increase in use of contraception has a positive impact on declining fertility.&nbsp;</p

Anesthetic Considerations in the Evaluation of Children with Glaucoma and Associated Conditions

Glaucoma in the pediatric population can be difficult to diagnose and treat without a child’s cooperation. Examination and intervention under anesthesia play a critical role in the management of childhood glaucoma, as detailed elsewhere. This requires a change in setting from the office to the operating room with the availability and assistance of a pediatric anesthesiologist, who may have to sedate or anesthetize the child repeatedly, sometimes even just to confirm the glaucoma diagnosis. An anesthesiologist with specialty training in pediatrics is pertinent, as childhood glaucoma can often be associated with syndromes involving other organ systems, hence making their anesthetic complicated and at times potentially dangerous. Once the glaucoma diagnosis is established, these children may have to return to the operating room multiple times for examinations and/or treatments; thus, having prior anesthetic records with any previous complications can offer vital information to both the pediatric anesthesiologist and pediatric glaucoma specialist. This chapter focuses on the preoperative workup of pediatric patients to ensure that they are optimized medically to undergo sedation and general anesthesia with the lowest possible risk. The intraoperative course is also described, including why sedation may be chosen over general anesthesia and how the various anesthetic drugs such as volatile anesthetics or intravenous induction agents can affect intraocular pressure measurements. The chapter finishes by describing potential postoperative complications related to anesthesia: nausea, vomiting, postoperative delirium, and agitation, along with a brief discussion on various syndromes that could potentially affect the delivery and choice of anesthetic