41 research outputs found
A high-quality human reference panel reveals the complexity and distribution of genomic structural variants
Structural variation (SV) represents a major source of differences between individual human genomes and has been linked to disease phenotypes. However, the majority of studies provide neither a global view of the full spectrum of these variants nor integrate them into reference panels of genetic variation. Here, we analyse whole genome sequencing data of 769 individuals from 250 Dutch families, and provide a haplotype-resolved map of 1.9 million genome variants across 9 different variant classes, including novel forms of complex indels, and retrotransposition-mediated insertions of mobile elements and processed RNAs. A large proportion are previously under reported variants sized between 21 and 100 bp. We detect 4 megabases of novel sequence, encoding 11 new transcripts. Finally, we show 191 known, trait-associated SNPs to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with SVs and demonstrate that our panel facilitates accurate imputation of SVs in unrelated individuals
Characteristics of de novo structural changes in the human genome
Small insertions and deletions (indels) and large structural variations (SVs) are major contributors to human genetic diversity and disease. However, mutation rates and characteristics of de novo indels and SVs in the general population have remained largely unexplored. We report 332 validated de novo structural changes identified in whole genomes of 250 families, including complex indels, retrotransposon insertions, and interchromosomal events. These data indicate a mutation rate of 2.94 indels (120 bp) and 0.16 SVs (>20 bp) per generation. De novo structural changes affect on average 4.1 kbp of genomic sequence and 29 coding bases per generation, which is 91 and 52 times more nucleotides than de novo substitutions, respectively. This contrasts with the equal genomic footprint of inherited SVs and substitutions. An excess of structural changes originated on paternal haplotypes. Additionally, we observed a nonuniform distribution of de novo SVs across offspring. These results reveal the importance of different mutational mechanisms to changes in human genome structure across generations
A História da Alimentação: balizas historiogråficas
Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da HistĂłria da Alimentação, nĂŁo como um novo ramo epistemolĂłgico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de prĂĄticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicaçÔes, associaçÔes, encontros acadĂȘmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condiçÔes em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biolĂłgica, a econĂŽmica, a social, a cultural e a filosĂłfica!, assim como da identificação das contribuiçÔes mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histĂłrica, foi ela organizada segundo critĂ©rios morfolĂłgicos. A seguir, alguns tĂłpicos importantes mereceram tratamento Ă parte: a fome, o alimento e o domĂnio religioso, as descobertas europĂ©ias e a difusĂŁo mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rĂĄpido balanço crĂtico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema
Policy complementarities The case for fundamental labour market reform
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:3597.9512(CEPR-DP--1585) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Policy complementarities The case for fundamental labour market reform
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:3597.9148(25/96) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
International R&D spillovers
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3597.9512(CEPR-DP--840) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
R&D spillovers and global growth
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:3597.9512(CEPR-DP--1467) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Productivity and Microeconomic Reforms: Strengthening EU Competitiveness
This paper argues that standards of living are a meaningful measure of competitiveness. It views comparisons with the performance of other regions, and in particular with the US, as an evaluation of the distance to the âtechnology frontierâ and the potential for improvements. Productivity and external competitiveness developments are reviewed from a sectoral perspective. A forward looking dimension is given by a brief presentation of the revised âLisbon Strategyâ and the new industrial policy approach proposed by the European Commission. Copyright Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2006competitiveness, productivity, Lisbon strategy, O40, F14, C68 (or D58),