18 research outputs found
Atmospheric Heating and Wind Acceleration: Results for Cool Evolved Stars based on Proposed Processes
A chromosphere is a universal attribute of stars of spectral type later than
~F5. Evolved (K and M) giants and supergiants (including the zeta Aurigae
binaries) show extended and highly turbulent chromospheres, which develop into
slow massive winds. The associated continuous mass loss has a significant
impact on stellar evolution, and thence on the chemical evolution of galaxies.
Yet despite the fundamental importance of those winds in astrophysics, the
question of their origin(s) remains unsolved. What sources heat a chromosphere?
What is the role of the chromosphere in the formation of stellar winds? This
chapter provides a review of the observational requirements and theoretical
approaches for modeling chromospheric heating and the acceleration of winds in
single cool, evolved stars and in eclipsing binary stars, including physical
models that have recently been proposed. It describes the successes that have
been achieved so far by invoking acoustic and MHD waves to provide a physical
description of plasma heating and wind acceleration, and discusses the
challenges that still remain.Comment: 46 pages, 9 figures, 1 table; modified and unedited manuscript;
accepted version to appear in: Giants of Eclipse, eds. E. Griffin and T. Ake
(Berlin: Springer
Microflares and the Statistics of X-ray Flares
This review surveys the statistics of solar X-ray flares, emphasising the new
views that RHESSI has given us of the weaker events (the microflares). The new
data reveal that these microflares strongly resemble more energetic events in
most respects; they occur solely within active regions and exhibit
high-temperature/nonthermal emissions in approximately the same proportion as
major events. We discuss the distributions of flare parameters (e.g., peak
flux) and how these parameters correlate, for instance via the Neupert effect.
We also highlight the systematic biases involved in intercomparing data
representing many decades of event magnitude. The intermittency of the
flare/microflare occurrence, both in space and in time, argues that these
discrete events do not explain general coronal heating, either in active
regions or in the quiet Sun.Comment: To be published in Space Science Reviews (2011
Generation of the magnetic helicity in a neutron star driven by the electroweak electron-nucleon interaction
We study the instability of magnetic fields in a neutron star core driven by
the parity violating part of the electron-nucleon interaction in the Standard
Model. Assuming a seed field of the order , that is
a common value for pulsars, one obtains its amplification due to such a novel
mechanism by about five orders of magnitude, up to ,
at time scales . This effect is
suggested to be a possible explanation of the origin of the strongest magnetic
fields observed in magnetars. The growth of a seed magnetic field energy
density is stipulated by the corresponding growth of the magnetic helicity
density due to the presence of the anomalous electric current in the Maxwell
equation. Such an anomaly is the sum of the two competitive effects: (i) the
chiral magnetic effect driven by the difference of chemical potentials for the
right and left handed massless electrons and (ii) constant chiral electroweak
electron-nucleon interaction term, which has the polarization origin and
depends on the constant neutron density in a neutron star core. The remarkable
issue for the decisive role of the magnetic helicity evolution in the suggested
mechanism is the arbitrariness of an initial magnetic helicity including the
case of non-helical fields from the beginning. The tendency of the magnetic
helicity density to the maximal helicity case at large evolution times provides
the growth of a seed magnetic field to the strongest magnetic fields in
astrophysics.Comment: 17 pages in JCAP LaTeX style, 10 esp figures, paper is significantly
revised, several new references are added, multiple misprints are corrected,
version to be published in JCA
Quantification and Implications of Soil Losses from Commercial Sod Production
Commercial sod farms occupy about 1.62 × 103 km 2 of the landscape of the United States. Land managers generally consider sod farms on an equal footing with other, sustainable agricultural land uses. We measured soil losses associated with sod harvesting in farms in the northeastern United States. Sod harvest resulted in soil losses ranging from 74 to 114 Mg ha-1 yr-1 , considerably higher than the tolerable soil loss of 6.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1 . Soil losses were proportional to time under sod production, with soil removal rates of 0.833 cm yr-1 . We estimate that sod harvesting in the United States results in the net, permanent loss of 12.0 to 18.7 Tg of agriculturally productive soil from sod farms-and associated ecosystem services-every year. The soil losses reported here have important implications in terms of land use planning, transactions involving the purchase of development rights, and tax deductions for soil depletion. © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved
Mammary transfer and metabolism in the rat of halogenated fatty acids of halogenated olive oil
Significant differences in flow standardised breath sound spectra in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stable asthma, and healthy lungs.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases take off
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of signal transduction enzymes that dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine containing proteins, Structural and kinetic studies provide a molecular understanding of how these enzymes regulate a wide range of intracellular processes