Could parental rules play a role in the association between short sleep and obesity in young children?

Short sleep duration is associated with obesity in young children. This study develops the hypothesis that parental rules play a role in this association. Participants were 3-year-old children and their parents, recruited at nursery schools in socioeconomically deprived and non-deprived areas of a North-East England town. Parents were interviewed to assess their use of sleep, television-viewing and dietary rules, and given diaries to document their child's sleep for 4 days/5 nights. Children were measured for height, weight, waist circumference and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. One-hundred and eight families participated (84 with complete sleep data and 96 with complete body composition data). Parental rules were significantly associated together, were associated with longer night-time sleep and were more prevalent in the non-deprived-area compared with the deprived-area group. Television-viewing and dietary rules were associated with leaner body composition. Parental rules may in part confound the association between night-time sleep duration and obesity in young children, as rules cluster together across behavioural domains and are associated with both sleep duration and body composition. This hypothesis should be tested rigorously in large representative samples

Parental response to a letter reporting child overweight measured as part of a routine national programme in England: results from interviews with parents

Background Rising rates of childhood obesity have become a pressing issue in public health, threatening both the mental and physical well-being of children. Attempts to address this problem are multifaceted, and in England include the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) which assesses weight status in English primary school children in reception class (aged 4–5) and in year 6 (aged 10–11), with results being sent out to parents. However the effectiveness and impact of this routine parental feedback has yet to be fully understood. This paper reports one component of a mixed methods study undertaken in North East England, examining the impact of the feedback letters on parents’ understanding and feelings about their child’s weight status and whether or not this seemed likely to lead to behaviour change. Methods One-to-one semi-structured interviews (n = 16) were conducted with a sample of parents/guardians after they had received their child’s weight results letter. Eight parents/guardians were sub-sampled from the group whose child had been indicated to be overweight or obese and eight were from the group whose child had been indicated to be of ideal weight status. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached for both groups. Results The reactions of parents/guardians whose children were identified as being overweight followed a sequence of behaviours ranging from shock, disgust with the programme, through denial and self-blame to acceptance, worry and intention to seek help. On the other hand, the reaction of parents/guardians whose children were identified as being ideal weight ranged from relief, pleasure and happiness through affirmation and self-congratulation to ‘othering’. Conclusions Whilst overweight and obesity is often portrayed as a medical condition, parents/guardians see it as deeply rooted in their social lives and not in health terms. Parents believe that the causes of overeating and lack of exercise relate closely to the obesogenic environment, particularly the complex social and cultural milieu and time pressures within which this sample of people live. Associating this problem in feedback letters with dangerous diseases like cancer, and advising parents to visit GPs to resolve child weight issues was perceived as inappropriate by the parents, and caused controversy and anger. Given the likelihood that the NCMP will continue as a monitoring device, it is evident that the management of the process needs to be reviewed, with particular attention being paid to the feedback process. Local health authorities will need to manage parental expectations and ensure linkage with appropriately commissioned remedial weight management interventions

Lived experiences of routine antenatal dietetic services among women with obesity: A qualitative phenomenological study

Objective: To understand the lived experiences and views of being referred to an antenatal dietetic service from the perspective of pregnant women with obesity.Design: A qualitative, interpretive approach using one-to-one in-depth interviews to explore the lived experience of pregnant women with obesity following referral to an antenatal dietetics service. Thematic content analysis was carried out by two researchers independently to develop data-driven themes.Setting: One NHS Trust maternity and dietetic services, North East England, UKParticipantsFifteen pregnant women with a booking body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 attending an obesity-specific antenatal dietetic service. All women were White, parity between 0–2, and BMI range 30–51 kg/m2.Findings: Four themes were identified within this concept. 1) Women's overall experience of the service: experiences were predominately positive with only two negative cases identified. 2) Process of referral: women placed importance on informative and in-person communication about the service, with health professionals, at the point of referral. 3) Delivery of the service: dietitians were considered to be the experts and women wanted more frequent contact. 4) Content of the service: tailored advice enabled behaviour change, and women desired increased physical activity support and weight monitoring.Key conclusions: Women reported an overall positive experience and thought that dietitians were the expert health professionals to support them. Women in this study felt that tailoring advice specific to their personal circumstances helped them implement changes, and had a strong interest in the nutritional benefits for fetal development. Women considered weight monitoring to be a positive element of the service; however, further research is required given the limited and conflicting evidence-base.Implications for practice: It is important to incorporate women's experiences in the development and delivery of antenatal weight management services to facilitate person-centred care. Communication by health professionals at the point of referral is particularly important to provide accurate expectations of services and to reduce anxieties. Dietitians are considered to be appropriate experts to deliver these services, although they may need additional support to address women's physical activity needs in pregnancy

Cost and carbon reductions from industrial demand-side management: Study of potential savings at a cement plant

Demand-side management (DSM) has the potential to reduce electricity costs and the carbon emissions associated with electricity use for industrial consumers. It also has an important role to play in integrating variable forms of generation, such as wind and solar, into the grid. This will be a key part of any grid decarbonisation strategy. This paper describes a method that can be used to develop a new production schedule for a wide range of manufacturing facilities. The new schedule minimises either electricity costs or electricity-derived CO$_2$ emissions. It does so by rescheduling production to low cost or low carbon periods, without loss of overall production, within the constraints of available inventory storage. A case study of a single cement plant in the UK was performed in order to determine the potential benefits of increased load-shifting DSM using this method. The alternative production scheduled showed the potential to decrease electricity costs by 4.2%. Scaled to values from a typical plant this would lead to a cost saving of £350,000, a substantial saving. A schedule optimised to minimise carbon emissions would save an estimated 2000 tonnes per year of CO$_2$, a 4% decrease in electricity-derived emissions. It was also observed that the actual electricity consumption of the plant was considerably higher than the minimum consumption predicted by the model. This could indicate potential for significant savings in both cost and CO$_2$ due to improvements in energy efficiency. The potential savings from DSM doubled when the prices passed to the plant were replaced with a price that varied in proportion to the wholesale cost of electricity. This indicates that a potential mutual benefit exists for both industrial consumers and electricity generators by passing on more of the variation in price. A larger share of generation from wind and solar will also lead to increased variation in prices and grid carbon intensity in future. The value of applying the method described in this paper is therefore likely to increase further in future.Funding to support this research was gratefully received from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Grant number EP/L504920/1. Thanks to Hanson Cement for providing access to their factories and supplying the data on which the research was based

A systematic review of the effect of dietary exposure that could be achieved through normal dietary intake on learning and performance of school-aged children of relevance to UK schools

The aim of the present review was to perform a systematic in-depth review of the best evidence from controlled trial studies that have investigated the effects of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education and performance in school-aged children (4-18 years) from the UK and other developed countries. The twenty-nine studies identified for the review examined the effects of breakfast consumption, sugar intake, fish oil and vitamin supplementation and 'good diets'. In summary, the studies included in the present review suggest there is insufficient evidence to identify any effect of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education or performance of school-aged children from the developed world. However, there is emerging evidence for the effects of certain fatty acids which appear to be a function of dose and time. Further research is required in settings of relevance to the UK and must be of high quality, representative of all populations, undertaken for longer durations and use universal validated measures of educational attainment. However, challenges in terms of interpreting the results of such studies within the context of factors such as family and community context, poverty, disease and the rate of individual maturation and neurodevelopment will remain. Whilst the importance of diet in educational attainment remains under investigation, the evidence for promotion of lower-fat, -salt and -sugar diets, high in fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates, as well as promotion of physical activity remains unequivocal in terms of health outcomes for all schoolchildren.</p

Trends in maternal body mass index, health inequalities, and the impact of maternal obesity on NHS maternity services

The primary objective of the work presented in this thesis was to identify trends in maternal body mass index (BMI) over time, the demographic predictors of those women most at risk of being obese in pregnancy, health inequalities, and the impact of maternal obesity on maternity services. A mixed methodology utilised quantitative and qualitative research to address these objectives. Data were collated from 34 maternity units across England, including 619,323 deliveries between 1989 and 2007 inclusive. Analysis identified an increasing incidence of maternal obesity over time, regional differences in incidence, and significant inequalities with women residing in the highest levels of deprivation, and Black ethnic group. A systematic review was carried out including 49 studies investigating obesity and pregnancy outcomes with acute maternity resource implications. The meta-analysis found significantly increased odds of a number of outcomes, and concluded that maternal obesity had a considerable impact on maternity resources, and contributed towards a poorer prognosis for the mother and the baby during delivery and in the immediate post-partum period. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with 30 HCPs across eight NHS Trusts in the North East of England were carried out to identify barriers in implementing maternal obesity services, and to gain HCPs perspectives on what they felt was required in order to address maternal obesity effectively. The study identified the themes of ‘Service Development’, ‘Psychosocial Issues and Maternal Obesity Services’, ‘Information, Evidence, and Training’, and ‘Where to go From Here?’. Overall this programme of research has identified that maternal obesity is increasing over time and is significantly associated with health inequalities. The increase in maternal obesity has an impact on acute services, and HCPs feel that a holistic approach is required through partnership work in order to address maternal obesity effectively. This programme of research has primarily contributed to the knowledge of maternal obesity with the provision of the first national level statistics for trends in maternal obesity. The research has also provided a holistic view of the impact of obesity in pregnancy on maternity services, including the impact on resources and the issues relating to addressing the maternal obesity in clinical practice. The research has also identified aspects of service that need to be improved, and knowledge gaps in how to move services forward to effective address maternal obesity. The contribution of this research to the knowledge base is emphasised in the journal pre-publications, dissemination through UK and European, and international conference presentations, being an invited speaker at a number of conferences in the UK, and I received the 2007 Association for the Study of Obesity (ASO) Student Researcher Award for producing exemplary work in the study of obesity.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Determinants of Change in Physical Activity in Children 0-6 years of Age: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Literature.

Background Understanding the determinants of children’s health behaviours is important to develop successful behaviour-change interventions. Objective We aimed to synthesise the evidence around determinants (‘preceding predictors’) of change in physical activity (PA) in young children (0–6 years of age). Methods As part of a suite of reviews, prospective quantitative studies investigating change in physical activity in children aged 0–6 years were identified from eight databases (to October 2015): MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, British Nursing Index, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. Determinants and direction of association were extracted, described and synthesised according to the socio-ecological model (individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, policy). Results Forty-four determinants, predominantly in the interpersonal and organisational domains, were reported across 44 papers (six prospective cohort, 38 interventional); 14 determinants were assessed in four or more papers. Parental monitoring showed a consistent positive association with change in PA; provider training was positively associated with change in children’s moderate-to-vigorous PA only. Five (sex, parental goal setting, social support, motor skill training and increased time for PA) showed no clear association. A further seven (child knowledge, parental knowledge, parental motivation, parenting skills, parental self-efficacy, curriculum materials and portable equipment) were consistently not associated with change in children’s PA. Maternal role-modelling was positively associated with change in PA in all three studies in which it was examined. Conclusions A range of studied determinants of change in young children’s PA were identified, but only parental monitoring was found to be consistently positively associated. More evidence dealing with community and policy domains from low-/middle-income countries and about lesser-explored modifiable family- and childcare-related determinants is required. International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) Registration Number CRD42012002881. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0656-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

ToyBox Study Malaysia: improving healthy energy balance and obesity-related behaviours among pre-schoolers in Malaysia

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing in Malaysia and currently nearly 10% of children aged between 6 months and 12 years are overweight and almost 12% are obese. Early interventions to prevent excess weight gain are needed. ToyBox Study Malaysia is a feasibility project, funded by the Medical Research Council Newton-Ungku Omar Fund, to assess the practicalities of adapting the existing European ToyBox Study intervention programme to the Malaysian kindergarten setting. The main aims of all ToyBox programmes are related to improving four key energy balance-related behaviours, namely drinking water, eating healthy snacks and meals, reducing sedentary behaviour and increasing physical activity. Using stratified sampling, the ToyBox Study Malaysia intervention will be delivered and compared to usual practice by assessing behaviour, physical activity and health-related outcomes as measured by questionnaires, accelerometry and anthropometry. It is hoped that the evidence-based ToyBox Study Malaysia will help to achieve healthier energy balance-related behaviours in the children and their families and provide lifelong benefits to health. This article provides information on the dietary patterns, physical activity levels and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysian children, and the approach of the ToyBox Study Malaysia