A formal synthesis of reserpine: hydrindane approach to the woodward's ring-E precursor

A new synthetic approach to a functionally and stereochemically embellished cyclohexanoid, corresponding to the Woodward's ring-E intermediate 24 of the complex indole alkaloid reserpine 1 is delineated. Our scheme emanates from a readily available endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane system from which cis-hydrindane and cyclohexanoid moieties are sequentially extracted. The strategy outlined here exploits the propensity of the endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane and cis-hydrindane systems to react from the convex face to generate the requisite stereochemical pattern. Since 24 has been previously elaborated to the natural product, the present effort constitutes a formal synthesis of rac-reserpine

Reserpine synthesis: a protocol for the stereoselective construction of the densely functionalized ring-E

A new approach to densely functionalized cyclohexanoid derivative 12, embodying the complete stereochemical pattern of ring-E of the complex indole alkaloid reserpine 1, from a readily available tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane precursor 5 is described

A simple entry into enantiopure hydrindanes, hydroisoquinolones and diquinanes from 3,10-dioxygenated dicyclopentadienes: application to the synthesis of (+)-coronafacic acid and a formal synthesis of (+)-coriolin

A ready access to enantiopure 3,10-dioxygenated tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane derivatives is reported. An efficient enzymatic kinetic resolution is employed through transesterification in the presence of lipase PS immobilized on Celite. Absolute configuration of the tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decan-10-one derivatives has been secured through correlation with (1R,2S)-1-aminoindan-2-ol. The promising utility of these enantiopure tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane derivatives in synthesis has been demonstrated through the preparation of several optically pure cis-hydrindanes 15-18, employing the Haller-Bauer reaction as the key step for unbridging the trinorbornyl system. The cis-hydrindane (-)-16 has been further elaborated to the natural product (+)-coronafacic acid (+)-24. In an interesting sequence, cis-hydrindanone (+)-18 has been transformed into cis-hydroisoquinolones (+)-30 and (+)-33 via photorearrangement of the derived oxaziridines 29 and 32, respectively. The hydroisoquinolones (+)-30 and (+)-33 can serve as useful enantiopure building blocks for the synthesis of complex indole alkaloids. Oxidative cleavage of the trinorbornene double bond in the tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decan-10-one derivative (-)-37 and functional-group adjustments leads to the optically pure diquinane (+)-38, an advanced intermediate in the total synthesis of (+)-coriolin (+)-34

Field evaluation of Musa germplasm for resistance against banana stem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh

Banana germplasm with 17 different accessions for resistance were screened against banana stem weevil, Odoiporous longicollis in Koduru region of Kadapa district (Andhra Pradesh). All the accessions had infestation of stem weevil but with varying percent infestation. The 17 accessions of germplasm had weevil infestation ranging from 10.0–100 percent in 2012 with maximum infestation of 100 percent in red banana (AAA genome) followed by Bontha selection-88.88 % (ABB), Karpuravalli-84.60% (AAB) and Ellakibale-64.7% (AB) and the lowest was inSugandhalu-10.00% (AAB). In the year 2013, the infestation was in the range of 13.00-90.40% and with respect to infestation levels in different accessions, and the trend remained same as the earlier year wherein the highest infestation was recorded in red banana-90.40% followed by Bontha selection with the damage of 83.50 %, Karpuravalli (79.80%), Ellakibale (70.00%) and least in Sugandhalu-13.0% (AAB). There was no correlation between number of adults observed and percent damage and similarly no relation can be drawn between percent infestation and height of oviposition, This implies that the infestation caused by the weevils varied in different genotypes and also this information will be further helpful in selecting the resistant germplasms for future

Novel acaricide toxicities on Tetranychus urticae infesting Piper betle

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to test novel acaricide efficacies for the management of two- spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) on betelvine (Piper betle L.). The treatments were abamectin 1.9EC @ 0.3ml, 0.5ml and 0.7ml/l, propargite 57EC @ 2.5 and 3.0ml/l, fenazaquin 10EC @ 1.7ml/l, fenpyroximate 5EC @ 1.25ml/l, spiromesifen 22.9SC @ 0.8ml/l, and compared with conventional compounds, sulphur 80WDG @ 3g/l and dicofol 18.5EC @ 2.5ml/l. In laboratory studies, all the acaricides resulted in 14.47 to 85.53% mortality with highest in abamectin @ 0.7ml/l during I season and lowest in dicofol, whereas in II season lowest per cent mortality of 21.80 was recorded in sulphur and highest mortality of mites (83.40%) was noted in abamectin @ 0.7ml/l at 72h after treatment. The acaricides caused mortality of mites in the range of 16.27 of 90.98% during 10 day observation period in the field studies with highest in abamectin (0.7ml/l) treated plots followed by fenazaquin (59.44% at 10th day) and least mortality was showed by dicofol, i.e. less than 20% in first season but spiromesifen, fenpyroximate and propargite @ 3.0ml/l showed good efficacy, i.e. 51.40%, 46.37% and 40.37% mites mortality, respectively, at 10th day during I season trial. In II season, lower mortality of mites was recorded in dicofol (34.41%–16.99%) and sulphur (38.03% – 19.57%) on 1st and 10th day, respectively indicating that these acaricides lost their efficacy over a period of time but abamectin @ 0.7ml/l (90.35–70.39%) and 0.5ml/l (85.65–65.71%) throughout the observation period showed higher efficacy followed by fenazaquin (72.24–56.86%), spiromesifen (69.13–48.60), propargite @ 3ml/l (60.80–39.76%) and fenpyroximate (48.84–28.43%) at 1 and 10th day after spray observations. Abamectin and fenazaquin were superior over other acaricides tested under both conditions followed by spiromesifen, fenpyroximate and propargite

Bio-rational insecticides toxicity against Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) damaging Cantaloupes, Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis

Field experiments were conducted for two seasons (2015-16 and 2016-17) to evaluate bio-rational insecticides against leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii) damaging cantaloupes and it was found that among various insecticides viz. spinosad [email protected]/l, abamectin 1.9EC @0.3ml/l, fipronil 5SC@2ml/l, fipronil [email protected]/l, cyantraniliprole 10OD@ 1.8ml/l, triazophos 40EC@2ml/l, diafenthiuron 50WP@1g/l, novaluron 10EC@1ml/l, neem [email protected]/l, pongamia [email protected]/l, azadirachtin 1%EC @5ml/l, abamectin (1.03-2.33 mined leaves/10ft row) and spinosad (1.18-3.33 mined leaves/10ft row) in both the seasons prove to be highly effective in minimising the damage. All the treatments had significant effect on the yield as compared to control but among treatments they were non-significant in first season which was not the case in second season where highest yield was noted in spinosad (11.43t/acre) followed by azadirachtin(9.79t/acre) and abamectin (9.67t/acre). Though there was variation in yield within these treatments but they were statistically on par with each other. Similarly the treatments were on par with each other with respect to number of fruits per vine, fruit weight, TSS and number of seeds set per fruit. The overall findings indicate that the molecules viz., abamectin and spinosad can be recommended to control leaf miner in cantaloupes to achieve an appreciable yield

Innovative use of Sweet sorghum juice in the beverage industry

Sweet sorghum juice, obtained from low water consuming, drought resistant, short duration and seed-propagated sweet sorghum crop, was explored as a source to obtain syrup which can be used as sugar alternative for meeting certain requirements of the beverage industry. Value addition, through conversion of the juice to syrup and beverages, offers farmers an excellent opportunity to improve farm income and productivity in semi arid regions. In this study a new method to produce clarified sweet sorghum juice is demonstrated. The sweet sorghum juice was clarified using pre heating followed by vacuum filtration using a filter aid. The clarified juice was concentrated to syrup with acceptable sensory qualities. Flavoured beverage formulations were optimised using the clarified juice and syrup. Nutritional and sensory properties of the developed beverages showed that the samples were acceptable to the consumers and rated at par with a commercially available beverage. This work has immense industrial and social significance

Optimization of a Simple Aircraft Wing by Weight Minimization using ANSYS

In the current generation, aircrafts became the fastest mode of transportation for goods and passengers. In such a situation, sophistication of the airplanes is also moving at a rapid pace. The main reason for the flight of airplane is the lift force over the wings. The better the wings are, the better the lift will be. The improvement in the flight of aircraft and efficiency of aircraft can be done by proper design of these wings. This can be done by either optimization of wing structure which reduces the drag force over the aircraft or by optimizing the weight of the wings which enable the aircraft to fly easier or both of the above. Hence in this project, we are concentrating on the optimization of these wings which benefits to the better working of airplane. Here we consider a wing-like structure consisting of spars, ribs, reinforcements and skin is optimized considering weight minimization. The wing carries a uniformly distributed load along the span

Sorghum Production for Diversified Uses

Sorghum is a unique crop produced for domestic and export markets with multiple uses as food, feed, fodder, fuel and fi ber grown globally. The sorghum grain is the major ingredient in cattle feed, poultry and swine around the globe. Stover is an important fodder source for both milch and draft animals in mixed crop-livestock systems. Sorghum provides raw material to many industrial uses like potable alcohol, transport grade ethanol malt, beer, liquids, gruels, starch, adhesives, core binders for metal casting, ore refi ning and grits as packaging material. Spatial distribution shows that it is grown on 40.5 M ha in 98 countries of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Nigeria, India, the USA, Mexico, Sudan, China and Argentina are the major producers of sorghum. The crop is adapted to a wide range of temperatures, including high elevations in East Africa. In South Asia, where adoption rates are high, the most signifi cant adoption constraints are specifi c varietal traits (e.g., disease resistance, duration, yield, stover quality). In Africa, where adoption rates are lower, the most signifi cant adoption constraints are access to seed and information, bird damage (associated with early-maturing varieties) and poor soil fertility/lack of fertilizer. Recent global trends also show that both grain yield and production increased refl ecting increase in use of improved varieties, increased demand due to population growth and higher world prices for major cereals. The area under sorghum is increasing gradually in West and Central Africa (WCA) while in other regions it’s area is showing a declining trend over last few decades. In general, the grain is grown in more economically advanced countries for feed purpose and in less developed countries for food purpose. According to IFPRI models, the future scenario indicates that demand for cereals is to increase by 40% over 2000 by 2020. It’s demand is sustained in view of climate change, diversifying global food basket in developing nations while its use as non-food in industries drive sorghum demand in developed nations in future