A Novel Theory of Three Phases to Eleven Phases

More than three-phase electric power is called multiphase .multiphase electric drive system is very important in research in the last decade. Multiphase power transmission system is also investigated in the literature survey, because multiphase transformers are needed at the input of rectifiers. In the multiphase power transmission and multiphase rectifier systems, the number of phases investigated is a multiple of three. However, the variable speed multiphase drive system are mostly of five, seven, nine, eleven, twelve, and fifteen phases. Multiphase is supplied from power electronic devices (converters). This paper proposes technique to obtain Eleven-phase output from three-phase supply system using novel transformer with special connections. Thus, with the special transformer, a pure eleven phase sine-wave voltage/current is obtained, which can be used for load testing purposes. Complete design of the proposed solution is presented. Analytical analysis is presented in the paper

Reproductive Biology of Cinnamomum Sulphuratum Nees. from Wet Evergreen Forest of Western Ghats in Karnataka

In Cinnamomum sulphuratum the initiation of the buds occurred after the leaf initiation during October and initiation of buds started during November last week. Inflorescence is an axillary panicle with 62.48¡À7.01 floral buds that took 13¡À1.41 days to bloom. Flower offer both pollen and nectar as a floral reward to the pollinators. Foragers include honeybees, butterflies, wasps, flies and ants. The flowers are self-compatible, pollinate both by self and cross pollination. In Allogamy (Hand cross pollination), highest mean percentage of fruit set was observed as 71 and 75% respectively for the period 2012-13 and 2013-14

Pollination ecology and reproductive biology of Canarium strictum Roxb. from evergreen forests of Central Western Ghats, India

Pollination and reproductive biology of a dioecious tree Canarium strictum Roxb. (Burseraceae) was extensively studied within the Agumbe forest range of Western Ghats, Karnataka to identify primary pollen vectors and to enumerate interrelationship with the pollinators. The study also investigated phenology floral biology, pollen production, pollen viability, stigma receptivity and nectar production. Trees produced functionally unisexual flowers with white petals, organized densely on inflorescences. Staminate flowers produced high percentage of viable pollen and relatively abundant nectar (15.75 μl) as a reward to the pollinators, while pistillate flowers produced only nectar (12 μl). Successful fruit set with wind pollination was facilitated by synchronization of flowering male and female trees, long term receptivity of stigma in female flowers and extended lifespan of flowers. The highest mean percent of fruit set with hand cross-pollination (μ=91.06) suggests the influence of local male tree density, as well as, frequency and abundance of pollinator community on fruitset by open pollination. © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India)

Reproductive Phenology and Pollination Biology of Madhuca Neriifolia in Wet Evergreen Forest of Western Ghats, South India

Pollination syndromes are suites of phenotypic traits hypothesized to reflect convergent adaptations of flowers for pollination by a specific type of animal. Madhuca neriifolia is an endangered plant species occurring in the Southern Western Ghats of India. The species is sub-annual with an event of two consequent flowering periods per year. The morphological traits of the flowers are evolved in such a way that it can support mixed type of pollination syndromes such as anemophily, entomophily, ornithophily, and chiropterophily. Flowers offer sugar rich nectar present in the flesh corolla and also provide pollen for the visiting pollinators as a pollination reward. The flowers are self-compatible, pollinates both self and cross. Highest mean percentage of fruit set was observed with manual hand cross pollination during November 2011. The high outcrossing index (=4) indicates the necessity of pollinator species for the cross pollination which is supported by the breeding results obtained with manual hand cross pollination. The paired t-test between controlled (open pollination) and the treatments (manual self and cross pollinations) were significantly different

Response Spectrum Analysis of Printed Circuit Boards Subjected to Shock Loads

AbstractA spacecraft consists of a number of electronic packages to meet the functional requirements. An electronic package is generally an assembly of printed circuit boards placed in a mechanical housing. A number of electronic components are mounted on the printed circuit board (PCB). A spacecraft experiences various types of loads during its launch such as vibration, acoustic and shock loads. Prediction of response for printed circuit boards due to shock loads is important for mechanical design and reliability of electronic packages. The modeling and analysis of printed circuit boards is required for accurate prediction of response due to shock loads. The validated finite element model of the PCB can be adopted to perform response spectrum analysis. Shock response spectrum analysis of printed circuit boards subjected to a half-sine pulse excitation is carried out using finite element method. The objective of this paper is to predict the shock response spectrum of a printed circuit board due to launch environment. The analysis results are validated by conducting experimental tests of PCB

Environmental isotopes investigation in groundwater of Challaghatta valley, Bangalore: A case study

Radiogenic isotopes (3H and 14C) and stable isotope (18O) together with TDS, EC and salinity of water were used to discriminate qualitative and quantitative groundwater age, probable recharge time, flow respectively in groundwater of Challaghatta valley, Bangalore. The variations between TDS and EC values of sewage, corporation water, bore and open wells with concomitant variations in salinity confirmed an immerse relationship with the depth of wells, Also, the source of recharge and contamination of groundwater as sewage. However, lighter ä18O bearing water more commonly occurred at higher elevations and heavier at lower elevations in the entire valley presenting a clear enrichment in ä18O probably due to evaporation and confirming major source of surface water as South - West monsoon. The groundwater samples in valley contained higher 3H except five samples (OW21, OW24, BW5, BW20 and BW24), suggesting recent recharge and categorized as modern age water. Further, from the results of 14C it is inferred that some groundwater samples in Challaghatta valley belongs to old water regime with pmC values ranging between 58 and 112

Seed Bank Estimation and Regeneration Studies of Calophyllum Apetalum Willd., from Western Ghats of Karnataka

Studies on the seed production, modes of dispersal and regeneration patterns of threatened tree species are crucial for the management of their genetic diversity. The seed bank estimation of Calophyllum apetalum was assessed from three different locations of Western Ghats of Karnataka, using two factorial completely randomized design. The results revealed the seeds are dispersed by hydrochory and mammalochory. The post seed dispersal, seed bank estimation studies yielded a high seed density near the base of tree trunks, but it was varied between the distances and locations. The results revealed seed densities are insignificant among the forest ranges and significant with the distances. The in-situ regeneration studies revealed an insignificant relationship between the mean regeneration among the forest ranges and the distances. Also, the ex-situ regeneration studies resulted an insignificant relationship among forest ranges and the distances from which the seeds were collected. The highest seed germination through ex-situ regeneration suggested it, as a best suitable method of conservation of this species

Effects of flame retardance additives on the mechanical and fire performance of natural fibre composites

The incorporation of sustainability is becoming increasingly important in manufacturing practices worldwide. This includes the development of natural fibre composites with mechanical and flammability characteristics suitable for structural interiors. Composites manufactured from kenaf fibres and polypropylene (PP) were investigated as to their suitability as materials for the interiors of buildings, aircraft and such-like. Natural fibres like kenaf act as fuel sources during combustion, and hence, flame retardants are added to the mix. In the present study, the ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based flame retardant Budit® 3167 was used to address this issue. Limited studies exist on how the inclusion of APP influences the composites’ mechanical properties. Hence the main objective of this research project was to evaluate the effect of adding Budit 3167 on both mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf-PP composites. Kenaf-PP composites were manufactured with various fibre weight percentages, with and without Budit 3167. The composites were subjected to different experiments to assess their mechanical and flammability behaviour. It was found that Budit 3167 not only improved the flammability properties of the composites, but also the tensile and flexural moduli due to the flame retardant behaving like a particle reinforcement. However, weak interfacial bonds arising from the addition of Budit 3167 led to a decrease in mechanical strength, providing a basis for further investigation. It was concluded that kenafPP composites with Budit 3167 show good potential as a sustainable alternative for structural interiors

Orientational distribution function in nematic liquid crystals by x-rays: Fourier method

The existing methods for the determination of the orientational distribution function f(beta) in the nematic liquid crystals using X-rays have been reviewed. A simple Fourier method which gives f(beta) in terms of the measured intensity is analysed. Using this distribution function, the accuracy with which the order parameters could be evaluated is discussed and the results show the elegance of the Fourier method used here