Melioidosis in patients with suspected tuberculosis in Cambodia: a single-center cross-sectional study

Melioidosis-Burkholderia pseudomallei infection-is increasingly recognized in Cambodia, a country with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Melioidosis and TB can be clinically indistinguishable. Objective: To quantify the proportion of patients with clinically suspected TB who had melioidosis by testing sputum for B. pseudomallei

Consensus Paper: Experimental Neurostimulation of the Cerebellum

© 2019, The Author(s). The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors. The contribution of the cerebellum towards different brain functions is underscored by its involvement in a diverse and increasing number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including ataxia, dystonia, essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation. This consensus paper brings together experts from the fields of neurophysiology, neurology, and neurosurgery to discuss recent efforts in using the cerebellum as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward

Inibição da expressão de ciclooxigenase 2 em feridas cutâneas de camundongos NOD submetidos à terapia a laser de baixa intensidade Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression in NOD mice cutaneous wound by low-level laser therapy

CONTEXTO: A terapia a laser de baixa intensidade (LLLT) tem sido relatada como importante moduladora da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas aumentando a proliferação fibroblástica associada ao aumento da expressão da citocina fator transformador de crescimento- &#946;2 (TGF-&#946;B2). OBJETIVO: No presente estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da LLLT sobre a expressão da enzima ciclooxigenase 2 (COX2) no sítio do reparo tecidual utilizando o modelo experimental com camundongos diabéticos não obesos (NOD) para estudar a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 30 camundongos NOD, destes 14 ficaram diabéticos e foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo I (n=7) foi submetido a um procedimento cirúrgico de feridas cutâneas e o grupo II (n=7) foi submetido a um procedimento cirúrgico de feridas cutâneas e tratados com LLLT. O grupo II foi submetido à LLLT nos seguintes parâmetros: 15 mW de potência, dose de 3,8 J/cm² e tempo de aplicação de 20 segundos. Após sete dias do ato cirúrgico e após aplicação do laser, os animais foram eutanasiados com sobredose de anestesia e amostras das feridas foram colhidas para posterior análise histopatológica, histomorfométrica e imuno-histoquímica. RESULTADOS: A LLLT promoveu a inibição da expressão da COX2 em feridas cutâneas de camundongos diabéticos. CONCLUSÃO: Em conjunto, os resultados sugeriram que a LLLT é capaz de modular negativamente a expressão da enzima COX2 contribuindo para o controle da resposta inflamatória em feridas cutâneas de camundongos NOD.<br>BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to modulate the healing of wounds by inducing an increase in fibroblast number associated with increased expression of the cytokine transforming growth factor-&#946;2 (TGF-&#946;2). OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the effect of LLLT on expression of COX2 at the site of tissue repair was evaluated, using an experimental model with non obese diabetic mice (NOD) to study cutaneous wound healing. METHODS: Thirty NOD mice were used, of which 14 were diabetic and were divided into two groups: group I (n=7) underwent a surgical procedure of skin wounds and group II (n=7) underwent a surgical procedure of skin wounds and treated with LLLT. Group II was submitted to LLLT in the following parameters: 15 mW of power, dose of 3.8 J/cm² and exposure time of 20 seconds. Seven days after surgery and after laser application, animals were euthanized with an overdose of anesthesia and tissue samples were collected for subsequent histological analysis, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The LLLT has promoted the inhibition of COX2 expression in skin wounds in mice diabetic. Taken together the results suggest that LLLT modulate the expression of COX2 improved the control of inflammatory reaction in cutaneous wound lesions in NOD mice. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results suggested that LLLT is able to negatively modulate the expression of COX2 enzyme contributing to the inflammatory response in cutaneous wounds in NOD mice