Paediatric trauma at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi Kenya.

Background: Medical Literature identities injuries as the most important preventable cause of death and disability in children beyond the first few months of life. Methods: A descriptive prospective study undertaken between October 2003 and July 2004 at Kenyatta National Hospital on children below the age of 13 years. Results: A total of 187 patients were admitted to KNH with trauma during that period. The age range was liont3 weeks to 12 years 4 months with a mean age of 3.9 years. There were 53.5% males and 46.5% females. Burns accounted for 34.8% falls 25.1%. Foreign bodies 17.6% while 8% were a result of road traffic accidents. Conclusions: Traumatic burns accounted for the highest single cause of trauma at 34.8% (n = 65). 92.3% of those burnt were aged 5 years and below. Most of these burns occurred in homes and were preventable

Efficacy and phosphorus equivalency values of two bacterial phytases (Escherichia coli and Citrobacter braakii) allow the partial reduction of dicalcium phosphate added to the diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and the phosphorus equivalency of two bacterial phytases (Citrobacter braakii-derived phytase or genetically-modified Escherichia coli phytase) in the diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 2100 male broiler chickens were randomly distributed in 10 treatments with 10 replicates of 21 chicks each. A basal diet was formulated containing 1.8 g per kg of non-phytate phosphorus and 9 g per kg of total calcium (T1). For treatments 2–4, dicalcium phosphate was added to give 0.9, 1.8, or 2.7 g per kg of additional inorganic phosphorus. The treatments from 5 to 7 received 500, 1000, or 2000 phytase units of Citrobacter braakii (FYT) per kg while the treatments from 8 to 10 received 250, 500, or 1000 phytase units of Escherichia coli (FTU) per kg. Increasing levels of inorganic phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate at 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 g per kg improved (P < 0.05) feed intake by 52, 71, and 80%; weight gain by 41, 75, and 32%; tibia ash weight by 64, 156, and 185%; and tibia phosphorus by 110, 323, and 378%, respectively. Increasing levels of Citrobacter braakii-derived phytase at 500, 1000, and 2000 FYT per kg contributed to a significant improvement (P < 0.05) of 52, 55, and 65% for feed intake; 37, 56, and 65% for weight gain; 52, 87, and 133% for tibia ash weight; and 96, 173, and 273% for tibia phosphorus, respectively. Increasing levels of Escherichia coli-derived phytase at 250 to 500, and 1000 FTU per kg increased (P < 0.05) feed intake by 50, 61, and 70%; weight gain by 49, 60, and 76%; tibia ash weight by 80, 103, and 164%; and tibia phosphorus by 128, 198, and 330%. Linear regression equations (P < 0.05) were used to estimate phosphorus equivalency values of the two phytases. The Citrobacter braakii- and Escherichia coli-derived phytases can be used in the diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age to partially reduce the addition of dicalcium phosphate as a phosphorus source. The supplementation of 500, 1000, and 2000 phytase units of Citrobacter braakii per kg were determined to be equivalent to the average addition of 0.625, 1.091, and 2.024 g of inorganic phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate per kg in broiler diets, respectively. The supplementation of 250, 500, and 1000 phytase units of Escherichia coli per kg were determined to be equivalent to the average addition of 0.763, 1.307, and 2.395 g of inorganic phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate per kg in broiler diets, respectively

Fundraising direct: A communications planning guide for charity marketing

Charities constitute a formidable sector in the UK economy. Numbering 180,000 and accounting for almost $17 billion in income, the sector is coming under increasing pressure to improve the effectiveness of its marketing efforts. Direct marketing is generally recognized as a (potentially) efficient medium (compared to mass advertising, for example). In this article, we provide a practical direct marketing planning framework geared towards maximizing fundraising efforts. Specifically, the framework details campaign objectives, segmentation, profiling and targeting. The focus is on message rather than execution. And the article concludes with a discussion of response analysis and an agenda for ongoing research in this domain. © 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved