Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estimate frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs and (2) investigate farmers' perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sample collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologic ally examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were bio chemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella enterica. All the study farms had at least one positive sample for Salmonella enterica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella enterica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animals in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estimate frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs and (2) investigate farmers' perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sample collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologic ally examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were bio chemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella enterica. All the study farms had at least one positive sample for Salmonella enterica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella enterica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animals in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Preleminary study on isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in pigs from República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) más importantes de América del Sur, que puede ser transmitida por una gran variedad de alimentos. En Paraguay, se observa un aumento en la producción de cerdos para consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de Salmonella enterica y sus diferentes serotipos presentes en cerdos en crecimiento de doce distritos de la República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 1000 muestras de materia fecal en 33 granjas de cerdos en crecimiento. Las muestras fueron pre-enriquecidas en agua peptonada a 37 °C durante 24 h, enriquecidas en caldo tetrationato a 42 °C por 24 h y finalmente fueron sembradas en medios de cultivo selectivos y diferenciales. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se obtuvieron 189 (18,9 %) muestras positivas, de las cuales se aislaron 189 cepas de S. enterica. Se identificaron 28 serotipos, entre los que predominaron S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11 %), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7 %), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) y S. Rissen (4 %). De los 12 distritos estudiados, Tablada y Capiata presentaron los porcentajes de aislamiento más altos (26 %). Los datos obtenidos en este trabajo son los primeros en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención para disminuir la portación de S. enterica en el reservorio porcino y proteger la salud de los consumidores de cerdo.Salmonelosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) more important in South America, which can be transmitted by a variety of foods. In Paraguay, there was an increase in pork production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Salmo- nella enterica and its different serotypes present in growing pigs of twelve districts of the República del Paraguay. One thousand samples of stool were collected in 33 farms growing pigs. The samples were pre-enriched in peptone water at 37 °C for 24 h, enriched in tetrathion- ate broth at 42 °C for 24 h and then were sown on selective and differentials culture media. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotyping. We obtained 189 (18.9 %) positive samples, of which 189 isolated strains of S. enterica. We identified 28 serotypes, including S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11%), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7%), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) and S. Rissen (4 %). Of the 12 districts studied, Tablada and Capiata isolation rates showed higher (26 %). The data obtained in this work are the first in Paraguay. We consider intervention measures should be implemented to reduce the bearing of S. enterica in pig reservoir and protect the health of consumers of pork.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estimate frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs and (2) investigate farmers' perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sample collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologic ally examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were bio chemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella enterica. All the study farms had at least one positive sample for Salmonella enterica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella enterica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animals in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Preleminary study on isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in pigs from República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) más importantes de América del Sur, que puede ser transmitida por una gran variedad de alimentos. En Paraguay, se observa un aumento en la producción de cerdos para consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de Salmonella enterica y sus diferentes serotipos presentes en cerdos en crecimiento de doce distritos de la República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 1000 muestras de materia fecal en 33 granjas de cerdos en crecimiento. Las muestras fueron pre-enriquecidas en agua peptonada a 37 °C durante 24 h, enriquecidas en caldo tetrationato a 42 °C por 24 h y finalmente fueron sembradas en medios de cultivo selectivos y diferenciales. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se obtuvieron 189 (18,9 %) muestras positivas, de las cuales se aislaron 189 cepas de S. enterica. Se identificaron 28 serotipos, entre los que predominaron S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11 %), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7 %), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) y S. Rissen (4 %). De los 12 distritos estudiados, Tablada y Capiata presentaron los porcentajes de aislamiento más altos (26 %). Los datos obtenidos en este trabajo son los primeros en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención para disminuir la portación de S. enterica en el reservorio porcino y proteger la salud de los consumidores de cerdo.Salmonelosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) more important in South America, which can be transmitted by a variety of foods. In Paraguay, there was an increase in pork production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Salmo- nella enterica and its different serotypes present in growing pigs of twelve districts of the República del Paraguay. One thousand samples of stool were collected in 33 farms growing pigs. The samples were pre-enriched in peptone water at 37 °C for 24 h, enriched in tetrathion- ate broth at 42 °C for 24 h and then were sown on selective and differentials culture media. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotyping. We obtained 189 (18.9 %) positive samples, of which 189 isolated strains of S. enterica. We identified 28 serotypes, including S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11%), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7%), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) and S. Rissen (4 %). Of the 12 districts studied, Tablada and Capiata isolation rates showed higher (26 %). The data obtained in this work are the first in Paraguay. We consider intervention measures should be implemented to reduce the bearing of S. enterica in pig reservoir and protect the health of consumers of pork.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Preleminary study on isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in pigs from República del Paraguay

La salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) más importantes de América del Sur, que puede ser transmitida por una gran variedad de alimentos. En Paraguay, se observa un aumento en la producción de cerdos para consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de Salmonella enterica y sus diferentes serotipos presentes en cerdos en crecimiento de doce distritos de la República del Paraguay. Se recolectaron 1000 muestras de materia fecal en 33 granjas de cerdos en crecimiento. Las muestras fueron pre-enriquecidas en agua peptonada a 37 °C durante 24 h, enriquecidas en caldo tetrationato a 42 °C por 24 h y finalmente fueron sembradas en medios de cultivo selectivos y diferenciales. Las colonias sospechosas fueron caracterizadas por pruebas bioquímicas y serotipificación. Se obtuvieron 189 (18,9 %) muestras positivas, de las cuales se aislaron 189 cepas de S. enterica. Se identificaron 28 serotipos, entre los que predominaron S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11 %), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7 %), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) y S. Rissen (4 %). De los 12 distritos estudiados, Tablada y Capiata presentaron los porcentajes de aislamiento más altos (26 %). Los datos obtenidos en este trabajo son los primeros en Paraguay. Consideramos necesario implementar medidas de intervención para disminuir la portación de S. enterica en el reservorio porcino y proteger la salud de los consumidores de cerdo.Salmonelosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) more important in South America, which can be transmitted by a variety of foods. In Paraguay, there was an increase in pork production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Salmo- nella enterica and its different serotypes present in growing pigs of twelve districts of the República del Paraguay. One thousand samples of stool were collected in 33 farms growing pigs. The samples were pre-enriched in peptone water at 37 °C for 24 h, enriched in tetrathion- ate broth at 42 °C for 24 h and then were sown on selective and differentials culture media. Suspicious colonies were characterized by biochemical tests and serotyping. We obtained 189 (18.9 %) positive samples, of which 189 isolated strains of S. enterica. We identified 28 serotypes, including S. Typhimurium (16 %), S. Schwarzengrund (13 %), S. Derby (11%), S. Anatum (7 %), S. Cerro (7%), S. Stanley (5 %), S. Saintpaul (4 %) and S. Rissen (4 %). Of the 12 districts studied, Tablada and Capiata isolation rates showed higher (26 %). The data obtained in this work are the first in Paraguay. We consider intervention measures should be implemented to reduce the bearing of S. enterica in pig reservoir and protect the health of consumers of pork.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

“<i>I do it because they do it</i>”:social-neutralisation in information security practices of Saudi medical interns

Successful implementation of information security policies (ISP) and IT controls play an important role in safeguarding patient privacy in healthcare organizations. Our study investigates the factors that lead to healthcare practitioners' neutralisation of ISPs, leading to non-compliance. The study adopted a qualitative approach and conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with medical interns and hospital IT department managers and staff in an academic hospital in Saudi Arabia. The study's findings revealed that the MIs imitate their peers' actions and employ similar justifications when violating ISP dictates. Moreover, MI team superiors' (seniors) ISP non-compliance influence MIs tendency to invoke neutralisation techniques. We found that the trust between the medical team members is an essential social facilitator that motivates MIs to invoke neutralisation techniques to justify violating ISP policies and controls. These findings add new insights that help us to understand the relationship between the social context and neutralisation theory in triggering ISP non-compliance

Internet-based prevention of posttraumatic stress symptoms in injured trauma patients: design of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Injured trauma victims are at risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other post-trauma psychopathology. So far, interventions using cognitive behavioral techniques (CBT) have proven most efficacious in treating early PTSD in highly symptomatic individuals. No early intervention for the prevention of PTSD for all victims has yet proven effective. In the acute psychosocial care for trauma victims, there is a clear need for easily applicable, accessible, cost-efficient early interventions. Objective: To describe the design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness of a brief Internet-based early intervention that incorporates CBT techniques with the aim of reducing acute psychological distress and preventing long-term PTSD symptoms in injured trauma victims. Method: In a two armed RCT, 300 injured trauma victims from two Level-1 trauma centers in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, will be assigned to an intervention or a control group. Inclusion criteria are: being 18 years of age or older, having experienced a traumatic event according to the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV and understanding the Dutch language. The intervention group will be given access to the intervention&#x0027;s website (www.traumatips.nl), and are specifically requested to login within the first month postinjury. The primary clinical study outcome is PTSD symptom severity. Secondary outcomes include symptoms of depression and anxiety, quality of life, and social support. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis of the intervention will be performed. Data are collected at one week post-injury, prior to first login (baseline), and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Analyses will be on an intention-to-treat basis. Discussion: The results will provide more insight into the effects of preventive interventions in general, and Internet-based early interventions specifically, on acute stress reactions and PTSD, in an injured population, during the acute phase after trauma. We will discuss possible strengths and limitations

Habitat, Fish Species, and Fish Assemblage Associations of the Topeka Shiner in West-Central Iowa

Our goal was to identify habitat, fish species, and fish assemblages associated with the occurrence of Topeka Shiners Notropis topeka in stream and off-channel habitat (OCH) of west-central Iowa. Fish assemblages and habitat characteristics were estimated in 67 stream and 27OCHsites during 2010–2011. Topeka Shiners were sampled in 52% of OCH sites, but in only 9% of stream sites, which supports the hypothesis that OCH is an important component of their life history. Fish assemblages containing Topeka Shiners were different from those that did not contain Topeka Shiners in OCH sites, but this was not evident in stream sites. Results from logistic regression models suggested that Topeka Shiner presence was associated with increased submerged vegetation and abundance of Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas. Contrary to the findings of other studies, the abundance of large piscivorous fishes was not associated with the occurrence of Topeka Shiners. Our results provide new information about the biology and life history of the Topeka Shiner that will guide habitat restoration and other recovery efforts