1,465 research outputs found
Studies of the use of high-temperature nuclear heat from an HTGR for hydrogen production
The results of a study which surveyed various methods of hydrogen production using nuclear and fossil energy are presented. A description of these methods is provided, and efficiencies are calculated for each case. The process designs of systems that utilize the heat from a general atomic high temperature gas cooled reactor with a steam methane reformer and feed the reformer with substitute natural gas manufactured from coal, using reforming temperatures, are presented. The capital costs for these systems and the resultant hydrogen production price for these cases are discussed along with a research and development program
Optical properties of β′-CoAl
The optical absorptance of β′-CoAl in the (0.1-2.5)-eV region was measured and analyzed by the Kramers-Kronig method. The optical conductivity shows interband features beginning below 0.1 eV, with several structures below 2 eV. These structures agree with those calculated from the energy bands of Moruzzi, Williams, and Gelatt. The experimentally observed systematics in CoAl and NiAl confirm our previous interpretation of the spectra of β′-NiAl, and disagree with other experimental and theoretical attempts to understand the optical properties of these compounds
Optical properties of TiCx (0.64≤x≤0.90) from 0.1 to 30 eV
The stoichiometry-dependent optical properties of bulk samples of TiCx have been determined for four samples in the range 0.64≤x≤0.90. Reflectance and absorptance data taken in the range 0.1-30 eV have been Kramers-Kronig analyzed to obtain the dielectric function and related functions. Interband absorption begins at 0.1 eV or less. The observed interband transitions are interpreted on the basis of existing energy-band calculations. Comparison of optical structure with joint-density-of-states calculations shows that the rigid-band model cannot be applied strictly to explain the x-dependent structure, especially in the 5-10 eV region. The electron-energy-loss functions exhibit two peaks, one near the free-electron plasmon energy and one near 10 eV, both peaks shifting to higher energy as x increases
Optical properties and electronic structure of β′−NiAl
The optical constants and their temperature derivatives have been determined for β′−NiAl from absorption and thermoreflectance measurements in the energy range of 0.2-4.4 eV. The results are interpreted using the self-consistent energy bands of Moruzzi, Williams, and Gelatt. By comparing a calculated joint density of states with ε2, the imaginary part of the dielectric function, good overall agreement is found between theory and experiment. In contrast to earlier analyses, it is found that the 2.5-eV peak in ε2 is primarily due to direct interband transitions terminating near the Fermi surface. This new interpretation of the 2.5-eV feature is discussed in relation to previously reported concentration effects and the rigid-band model
Rapid interrogation of the physical and chemical characteristics of salbutamol sulphate aerosol from a pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI)
Individual micron-sized solid particles from a Salamols pharmaceutical inhaler are stably captured in air using an optical trap for the first time. Raman spectroscopy of the levitated particles allows online interrogation of composition and deliquescent phase change within a high humidity environment that mimics the particle’s travel from inhaler to lun
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Gamma Ray Radiolysis of the FPEX Solvent
Slide presentation. FPEX contains a calixarene for Cs extraction, a crown ether for Sr extraction, Cs7SB modifier, and TOA to aid in stripping, in Isopar L diluent. The radiation stability FPEX must be evaluated prior to process use. Radiolytic degradation of species in solution are due to reaction with the direct radiolysis products of the diluent. In Isopar L, the reactive species produced include e-, •H and alkane radicals, resulting in a reducing environment. However, in nitric acid, oxidizing hydroxyl (•OH) and nitro (•NO2) radicals dominate system chemistry. Thus, the nature of diluent and the presence of radical scavengers affect the results of irradiation. We report the preliminary results of a new program to investigate the radiolysis of FPEX using the 60Co irradiation of FPEX neat solvent, acid pre-equilibrated solvent and mixed aerated phases. The Cs and Sr distribution ratios were used as metrics
Nanoscale temperature measurements using non-equilibrium Brownian dynamics of a levitated nanosphere
Einstein realised that the fluctuations of a Brownian particle can be used to
ascertain properties of its environment. A large number of experiments have
since exploited the Brownian motion of colloidal particles for studies of
dissipative processes, providing insight into soft matter physics, and leading
to applications from energy harvesting to medical imaging. Here we use
optically levitated nanospheres that are heated to investigate the
non-equilibrium properties of the gas surrounding them. Analysing the sphere's
Brownian motion allows us to determine the temperature of the centre-of-mass
motion of the sphere, its surface temperature and the heated gas temperature in
two spatial dimensions. We observe asymmetric heating of the sphere and gas,
with temperatures reaching the melting point of the material. This method
offers new opportunities for accurate temperature measurements with spatial
resolution on the nanoscale, and a new means for testing non-equilibrium
thermodynamicsComment: 5 pages, 4 figures, supplementary material available upon reques
Quantum Electrodynamics of the Helium Atom
Using singlet S states of the helium atom as an example, I describe precise
calculation of energy levels in few-electron atoms. In particular, a complete
set of effective operators is derived which generates O(m*alpha^6) relativistic
and radiative corrections to the Schr"odinger energy. Average values of these
operators can be calculated using a variational Schr"odinger wave function.Comment: 23 pages, revte
Renormalization-Scale-Invariant PQCD Predictions for R_e+e- and the Bjorken Sum Rule at Next-to-Leading Order
We discuss application of the physical QCD effective charge ,
defined via the heavy-quark potential, in perturbative calculations at
next-to-leading order. When coupled with the Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie
prescription for fixing the renormalization scales, the resulting series are
automatically and naturally scale and scheme independent, and represent
unambiguous predictions of perturbative QCD. We consider in detail such
commensurate scale relations for the annihilation ratio
and the Bjorken sum rule. In both cases the improved predictions are in
excellent agreement with experiment.Comment: 13 Latex pages with 5 figures; to be published in Physical Review
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