Magnetocaloric effect and critical behavior near the paramagnetic to ferrimagnetic phase transition temperature in TbCo2-xFex

Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in TbCo2-xFex has been studied by dc magnetization measurements.On substituting Fe in TbCo2, not only the magnetic transition temperature is tuned to room temperature, but also the operating temperature range for MCE is increased from 50 K for TbCo2 to 95 K for TbCo1.9Fe0.1. The maximum magnetic entropy change (-{\Delta}SM) for TbCo1.9Fe0.1 is found to be 3.7 J kg-1 K-1 for a 5 T field change, making it a promising candidate for magnetic refrigeration near room temperature. The temperature dependent neutron diffraction study shows a structural phase transition (from cubic to rhombohedral phase with lowering of temperature) which is associated with the magnetic phase transition and these transitions broaden on Fe substitution. To investigate the nature of the paramagnetic to ferrimagnetic phase transition, we performed a critical exponent study. From the derived values of critical exponents, we conclude that TbCo2 belongs to the 3D Heisenberg class with short-range interaction, while on Fe substitution it tends towards mean-field with long-range interaction. The derived values of critical exponents represent the phenomenological universal curve for the field dependence of {\Delta}SM, indicating that TbCo2 and TbCo1.9Fe0.1 belong to two different universality classes.Comment: 12 figure

Hill Women-led Spring Water Management in Darjeeling Himalayan Region, West Bengal

Water crises is a major problem of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India where rainfall is plentiful. Darjeeling gets only one-third of its daily water requirement through municipal pipelines. The water supply network is mostly town centred so the peripheral areas are deprived of water. Private suppliers also supply water at Rs. 300/- per month per household. Darjeeling Municipality established in 1850 has a centralised water management infrastructure laid down between1910–30. The water supply system originates in Senchel Wildlife Sanctuary, located 15 kilometres upstream of Darjeeling with two lakes and a storage of 33 million gallons of water that is recharged by 26 springs. This centralised system fails to acknowledge the vibrant 90 odd natural springs in the town that people are dependent upon. These urban springs have diverse community-based management systems that have evolved over time and are now facing challenges of rapid urbanisation, market forces, upstream concretisation and contamination and reducing discharges. Due to deforestation which is leading to high runoff resulting to less recharge of groundwater. Women, are worst hit, as they have to travel miles to fetch water in this rugged terrainfor her family while their male counterpart are busy to make both ends meet. Every household maintains a kitchen garden whose water is also being procured by females through irrigation. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the imperative way to mitigate the water crisis. Moreover, reuse, recycle and reducing wastage will help to mitigate this water crisis

Continuous loading of 1^{1}S0_{0} calcium atoms into an optical dipole trap

We demonstrate an efficient scheme for continuous trap loading based upon spatially selective optical pumping. We discuss the case of $^{1}$S$_{0}$ calcium atoms in an optical dipole trap (ODT), however, similar strategies should be applicable to a wide range of atomic species. Our starting point is a reservoir of moderately cold ($\approx 300 \mu$K) metastable $^{3}$P$_{2}$-atoms prepared by means of a magneto-optic trap (triplet-MOT). A focused 532 nm laser beam produces a strongly elongated optical potential for $^{1}$S$_{0}$-atoms with up to 350 $\mu$K well depth. A weak focused laser beam at 430 nm, carefully superimposed upon the ODT beam, selectively pumps the $^{3}$P$_{2}$-atoms inside the capture volume to the singlet state, where they are confined by the ODT. The triplet-MOT perpetually refills the capture volume with $^{3}$P$_{2}$-atoms thus providing a continuous stream of cold atoms into the ODT at a rate of $10^7$s$^{-1}$. Limited by evaporation loss, in 200 ms we typically load $5 \times 10^5$ atoms with an initial radial temperature of 85 $\mu$K. After terminating the loading we observe evaporation during 50 ms leaving us with $10^5$ atoms at radial temperatures close to 40 $\mu$K and a peak phase space density of $6.8 \times 10^{-5}$. We point out that a comparable scheme could be employed to load a dipole trap with $^{3}$P$_{0}$-atoms.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Integrated optical source of polarization entangled photons at 1310 nm

We report the realization of a new polarization entangled photon-pair source based on a titanium-indiffused waveguide integrated on periodically poled lithium niobate pumped by a CW laser at $655 nm$. The paired photons are emitted at the telecom wavelength of $1310 nm$ within a bandwidth of $0.7 nm$. The quantum properties of the pairs are measured using a two-photon coalescence experiment showing a visibility of 85%. The evaluated source brightness, on the order of $10^5$ pairs $s^{-1} GHz^{-1} mW^{-1}$, associated with its compactness and reliability, demonstrates the source's high potential for long-distance quantum communication.Comment: There is a typing mistake in the previous version in the visibility equation. This mistake doesn't change the result

Comparative study on sorption characteristics of coal seams from Barakar and Raniganj formations of Damodar Valley Basin, India

The methane retention mechanism in coal seams is markedly different from those of conventional gas reservoirs. Methane remains mainly as physically adsorbed molecules on micropore surface. Chemical and petrographic compositions of coal are the measures of maturity and type of organic matter that control the methane sorption characteristics of the coal. 99% of Indian coal occurrences are contributed by lower Gondwana sequences housed in two major geologic formations, younger Raniganj and older Barakar. The Raniganj Formation is best exposed in Raniganj Sub-basin and Barakar Formation is best exposed in Jharia Sub-basin of Damodar Valley. Present work attempts a systematic investigation on comparative account of methane sorption characteristics of coals from Raniganj Formation of Raniganj Sub-basin and Barakar Formations of Jharia Sub-basin in relation to their chemical composition and petrographic makeup. Chemical analyses shows that moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon varies between 2.5 and 4.6%, 10.0–27.2%, 38.8–40.2% (dmmf) and 59.8–61.2% (dmmf), respectively for Raniganj coals and, 0.5–1.1%, 16.7–32.9%, 20.7–22.0% (dmmf) and 78.0–79.3% (dmmf), respectively for Barakar coals. Carbon content is distinct for the suites of coal, 79.2–85.4% and 85.6–92.0% for Raniganj and Barakar coals, respectively. The vitrinite reflectance for the Raniganj coals ranges 0.53–0.72% and the Barakar coals ranges 1.09–1.23%. Based on the chemical composition and vitrinite reflectance value Raniganj coals belongs to high volatile bituminous type, whereas Barakar coals belongs to high to medium volatile bituminous type. Such variation in composition and maturity is mainly attributed to the variation in precursor organic matter as well as the basinal and thermal history of the sub-basins under consideration. H/C atomic ratio of the Raniganj and Barakar coals varies between 0.65 and 0.80 and 0.51–0.72 and O/C atomic ratio varies between 0.05 and 0.13 and 0.01–0.07, respectively. Coals of both the Raniganj and Barakar formations are mostly of kerogen Type-III with Raniganj coals falling in wet gas maturity stage approaching early-thermogenic methane generation whereas Barakar coals falling in condensate gas stage approaching peakthermogenic methane generation. The Langmuir volume ranges from 9.3–21.8 cc/g (daf) for Raniganj coals and 21.1–29.1 cc/g (daf) for Barakar coals. Sorption capacity for the set of coals shows a strong rank dependency and increase with corresponding increase in rank down the stratigraphic column. Methane sorption capacity shows positive relationship with carbon content and vitrinite reflectance, and negative relationship with moisture content, ash and volatile matter. Moisture effect is more prominent in low rank Raniganj coals. The adsorption capacity shows a strong positive relation with vitrinite content and a moderate negative relation with inertinite content for both the Raniganj and Barakar coals, which may be attributed to dominancy of micropores in vitrinites with rank enhancement. The multiple regression analysis shows that the moisture is the main predictor of the VL, and the interaction of moisture with ash and reflectance mainly control the sorption capacity. A predictive model equation is developed for determination of sorption for Damodar basin coals from carbon, ash and moisture data

A theoretical perspective on the modification of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy at molecule-cobalt interfaces

We study the modification of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) of Co slabs induced by several different conjugated molecular overlayers, i.e., benzene, cyclooctatetraene, naphthalene, pyrene and coronene. We perform first-principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory and the magnetic force theorem. Our results indicate that molecular adsorption tends to favour a perpendicular MCA at surfaces. A detailed analysis of various atom-resolved quantities, accompanied by an elementary model, demonstrates that the underlying physical mechanism is related to the metal-molecule interfacial hybridization and, in particular, to the chemical bonding between the molecular C $p_z$ and the out-of-plane Co $d_{z^2}$ orbitals. This effect can be estimated from the orbital magnetic moment of the surface Co atoms, a microscopic observable accessible to both theory and experiments. As such, we suggest a way to directly assess the MCA modifications at molecule-decorated surfaces, overcoming the limitations of experimental studies that rely on fits of magnetization hysteresis loops. Finally, we also study the interface between Co and both C$_{60}$ and Alq$_3$, two molecules that find widespread use in organic spintronics. We show that the modification of the surface Co MCA is similar upon adsorption of these two molecules, thereby confirming the results of recent experiments.Comment: 10 figures in main text and 3 in the SM, 20 page

Digital dichotomies: navigating non-consensual image-based harassment and legal challenges in India

This article provides a critical analysis of the complex nature of non-consensual image-based harassment of women in cyberspace, challenging the prevailing view that this form of harassment is synonymous with revenge pornography. It explores the intricate patterns and methods through which images are used to target women online, with a specific focus on the Indian context. The article has three primary objectives: firstly, to delineate and comprehend the diverse patterns of this digital abuse and its repercussions on the victimisation of Indian women; secondly, to investigate the root causes and consequences of such victimisation within India; and thirdly, to propose policy measures, especially through civil and criminal remedies, aimed at curbing the production and dissemination of this detrimental content. Providing critical insight into the problematic relationship between content creators and websites, which is intensified by jurisdictional boundaries imposed by foreign laws that govern these platforms, the article argues that this legal incongruity may inadvertently allow content creators to persist in their harmful practices despite the legal protections currently available in India. Consequently, it calls for a reassessment of existing legal frameworks and argues for the development of stronger, more cohesive global policies to address this issue effectively