68 research outputs found
Modelling Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Grazed Grasslands in New Zealand
Spatial and temporal variability are major difficulties when quantifying annual N2O fluxes at the field scale. New Zealand currently relies on the IPCC default methodology (National Inventory Report, 2004). This methodology is too simplistic and generalised as it ignores all site-specific controls, but is also not sufficiently flexible to allow mitigation options to be assessed. Therefore, a more robust, process-based approach is required to quantify N2O emissions more accurately at the field level. Denitrification-decomposition (DNDC) is a process-based model originally developed (Li et al., 1992) to quantify agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions across climatic zones, soil types, and management regimes. This has been modified to represent New Zealand grazed grassland systems (Saggar et al., 2004). More recent modifications include measured biomass C and N parameters in perennial pasture and compaction impacts on the soil water dynamics. Further validation tests have been conducted against observed soil moisture and gas fluxes. Here we i) assess the ability of a modified DNDC model NZ-DNDC to simulate N2O emissions; ii) compare the measured, modelled and IPCCestimated N2O emissions from dairy- and sheep-grazed pastures; and iii) give preliminary results for upscaling the model to provide preliminary regional emissions estimates
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24 [1Ă12] Wavelength Selective Switches Integrated on a Single 4k LCoS Device
This article demonstrates the design, assembly, optimisation, and characterisation of 24 [1 Ă 12] wavelength selective switches (WSSs) based on a single set of optics and a 4k liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device. The average insertion loss was measured to be 8.4 dB with an average crosstalk level of 26.9 dB. To our knowledge, this module with 312 fibre ports is the highest-capacity WSS demonstrated so far. The module can be flexibly reconfigured into different switches and port counts for advanced reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) applications
Statistical analysis of nitrous oxide emission factors from pastoral agriculture field trials conducted in New Zealand
AbstractBetween 11 May 2000 and 31 January 2013, 185 field trials were conducted across New Zealand to measure the direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factors (EF) from nitrogen (N) sources applied to pastoral soils. The log(EF) data were analysed statistically using a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. To estimate mean EF values for each N source, best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) were calculated. For lowland soils, mean EFs for dairy cattle urine and dung, sheep urine and dung and urea fertiliser were 1.16 ± 0.19% and 0.23 ± 0.05%, 0.55 ± 0.19% and 0.08 ± 0.02% and 0.48 ± 0.13%, respectively, each significantly different from one another (p < 0.05), except for sheep urine and urea fertiliser. For soils in terrain with slopes >12°, mean EFs were significantly lower. Thus, urine and dung EFs should be disaggregated for sheep and cattle as well as accounting for terrain
Towards a more complete quantification of the global carbon cycle
The main
components of global carbon budget calculations are the emissions from
burning fossil fuels, cement production, and net land-use change, partly
balanced by ocean CO2 uptake and CO2 increase in the
atmosphere. The difference between these terms is referred to as the residual
sink, assumed to correspond to increasing carbon storage in the terrestrial
biosphere through physiological plant responses to changing conditions
(ÎBphys). It is often used to constrain carbon
exchange in global earth-system models. More broadly, it guides expectations
of autonomous changes in global carbon stocks in response to climatic
changes, including increasing CO2, that may add to, or subtract
from, anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
However, a budget with only these terms omits some important additional fluxes that are
needed to correctly infer ÎBphys. They are cement carbonation and
fluxes into increasing pools of plastic, bitumen, harvested-wood products, and landfill
deposition after disposal of these products, and carbon fluxes to the oceans via wind
erosion and non-CO2 fluxes of the intermediate breakdown products of methane
and other volatile organic compounds. While the global budget includes river transport of
dissolved inorganic carbon, it omits river transport of dissolved and particulate organic
carbon, and the deposition of carbon in inland water bodies.
Each one of these terms is relatively small, but together they can constitute important
additional fluxes that would significantly reduce the size of the inferred ÎBphys. We estimate here that inclusion of these fluxes would reduce ÎBphys from the currently reported 3.6 GtC yrâ1 down to about 2.1 GtC yrâ1
(excluding losses from land-use change). The implicit reduction in the size of
ÎBphys has important implications for the inferred magnitude of
current-day biospheric net carbon uptake and the consequent potential of future
biospheric feedbacks to amplify or negate net anthropogenic CO2 emissions.</p
Soil properties impacting denitrifier community size, structure, and activity in New Zealand dairy-grazed pasture
Denitrification is an anaerobic respiration process that is the
primary contributor of the nitrous oxide (N2O) produced
from grassland soils. Our objective was to gain insight into the
relationships between denitrifier community size, structure, and
activity for a range of pasture soils. We collected 10Â dairy pasture
soils with contrasting soil textures, drainage classes, management
strategies (effluent irrigation or non-irrigation), and geographic
locations in New Zealand, and measured their physicochemical
characteristics. We measured denitrifier abundance by quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and assessed denitrifier diversity
and community structure by terminal restriction fragment length
polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the nitrite reductase (nirS,
nirK) and N2O reductase (nosZ) genes. We
quantified denitrifier enzyme activity (DEA) using an acetylene
inhibition technique. We investigated whether varied soil conditions lead
to different denitrifier communities in soils, and if so, whether
they are associated with different denitrification activities and
are likely to generate different N2O emissions. Differences in
the physicochemical characteristics of the soils were driven mainly
by soil mineralogy and the management practices of the farms. We
found that nirS and nirK communities were strongly
structured along gradients of soil water and phosphorus (P)
contents. By contrast, the size and structure of the nosZ
community was unrelated to any of the measured soil
characteristics. In soils with high water content, the richnesses and
abundances of nirS, nirK, and nosZ genes were
all significantly positively correlated with DEA. Our data suggest
that management strategies to limit N2O emissions through
denitrification are likely to be most important for dairy farms on
fertile or allophanic soils during wetter periods. Finally, our data
suggest that new techniques that would selectively target
nirS denitrifiers may be the most effective for limiting
N2O emissions through denitrification across a wide range of
soil types
Soil-derived Natureâs Contributions to People and their contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Acknowledgments The input of PS contributes to Soils-R-GRREAT (NE/P019455/1) and the input of PS and SK contributes to the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through project CIRCASA (grant agreement no. 774378). PR acknowledges funding from UK Greenhouse Gas Removal Programme (NE/P01982X/2). GB De Deyn acknowledges FoodShot Global for its support. TKA acknowledges the support of âTowards Integrated Nitrogen Management System (INMS) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), executed through the UKâs Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The input of DG was supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) strategic science investment fund (SSIF). PMS acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (Project FT140100610). PMâs work on ecosystem services is supported by a National Science Foundation grant #1853759, âUnderstanding the Use of Ecosystem Services Concepts in Environmental Policyâ. LGC is funded by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil â grants 421668/2018-0 and 305157/2018-3) and by Lisboa2020 FCT/EU (project 028360). BS acknowledges support from the Lancaster Environment Centre Project.Peer reviewedPostprin
A comprehensive assessment of anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks of Australasia\u27s carbon budget
Regional carbon budget assessments attribute and track changes in carbon sources and sinks and support the development and monitoring the efficacy of climate policies. We present a comprehensive assessment of the natural and anthropogenic carbon (C-CO2) fluxes for Australasia as a whole, as well as for Australia and New Zealand individually, for the period from 2010 to 2019, using two approaches: bottom-up methods that integrate flux estimates from land-surface models, data-driven models, and inventory estimates; and top-down atmospheric inversions based on satellite and in situ measurements. Our bottom-up decadal assessment suggests that Australasia\u27s net carbon balance was close to carbon neutral (â0.4 ± 77.0 TgC yrâ1). However, substantial uncertainties remain in this estimate, primarily driven by the large spread between our regional terrestrial biosphere simulations and predictions from global ecosystem models. Within Australasia, Australia was a net source of 38.2 ± 75.8 TgC yrâ1, and New Zealand was a net CO2 sink of â38.6 ± 13.4 TgC yrâ1. The top-down approach using atmospheric CO2 inversions indicates that fluxes derived from the latest satellite retrievals are consistent within the range of uncertainties with Australia\u27s bottom-up budget. For New Zealand, the best agreement was found with a national scale flux inversion estimate based on in situ measurements, which provide better constrained of fluxes than satellite flux inversions. This study marks an important step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the net CO2 balance in both countries, facilitating the improvement of carbon accounting approaches and strategies to reduce emissions
Global Research Alliance N2 O chamber methodology guidelines:Introduction, with health and safety considerations
Non-steady-state (NSS) chamber techniques have been used for decades to measure nitrous oxide (NâO) fluxes from agricultural soils. These techniques are widely used because they are relatively inexpensive, easy to adopt, versatile, and adaptable to varying conditions. Much of our current understanding of the drivers of NâO emissions is based on studies using NSS chambers. These chamber techniques require decisions regarding multiple methodological aspects (e.g., chamber materials and geometry, deployment, sample analysis, and data and statistical analysis), each of which may significantly affect the results. Variation in methodological details can lead to challenges in comparing results between studies and assessment of reliability and uncertainty. Therefore, the New Zealand Government, in support of the objectives of the Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA), funded two international projects to, first, develop standardized guidelines on the use of NSS chamber techniques and, second, refine them based on the most up to date knowledge and methods. This introductory paper summarizes a collection of papers that represent the revised guidelines. Each article summarizes existing knowledge and provides guidance and minimum requirements on chamber design, deployment, sample collection, storage and analysis, automated chambers, flux calculations, statistical analysis, emission factor estimation and data reporting, modeling, and âgap-fillingâ approaches. The minimum requirements are not meant to be highly prescriptive but instead provide researchers with clear direction on best practices and factors that need to be considered. Health and safety considerations of NSS chamber techniques are also provided with this introductory paper
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