Efficacy of Structural-Level Condom Distribution Interventions: A Meta-Analysis of U.S. and International Studies, 1998–2007

This systematic review examines the overall efficacy of U.S. and international-based structural-level condom distribution interventions (SLCDIs) on HIV risk behaviors and STIs and identifies factors associated with intervention efficacy. A comprehensive literature search of studies published from January 1988 through September 2007 yielded 21 relevant studies. Significant intervention effects were found for the following outcomes: condom use, condom acquisition/condom carrying, delayed sexual initiation among youth, and reduced incident STIs. The stratified analyses for condom use indicated that interventions were efficacious for various groups (e.g., youth, adults, males, commercial sex workers, clinic populations, and populations in areas with high STI incidence). Interventions increasing the availability of or accessibility to condoms or including additional individual, small-group or community-level components along with condom distribution were shown to be efficacious in increasing condom use behaviors. This review suggests that SLCDIs provide an efficacious means of HIV/STI prevention

Contact with HIV prevention services highest in gay and bisexual men at greatest risk: cross-sectional survey in Scotland

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) remain the group most at risk of acquiring HIV in the UK and new HIV prevention strategies are needed. In this paper, we examine what contact MSM currently have with HIV prevention activities and assess the extent to which these could be utilised further.Methods: Anonymous, self-complete questionnaires and Orasure (TM) oral fluid collection kits were distributed to men visiting the commercial gay scenes in Glasgow and Edinburgh in April/May 2008. 1508 men completed questionnaires (70.5% response rate) and 1277 provided oral fluid samples (59.7% response rate); 1318 men were eligible for inclusion in the analyses.Results: 82.5% reported some contact with HIV prevention activities in the past 12 months, 73.1% obtained free condoms from a gay venue or the Internet, 51.1% reported accessing sexual health information (from either leaflets in gay venues or via the Internet), 13.5% reported talking to an outreach worker and 8.0% reported participating in counselling on sexual health or HIV prevention. Contact with HIV prevention activities was associated with frequency of gay scene use and either HIV or other STI testing in the past 12 months, but not with sexual risk behaviours. Utilising counselling was also more likely among men who reported having had an STI in the past 12 months and HIV-positive men.Conclusions: Men at highest risk, and those likely to be in contact with sexual health services, are those who report most contact with a range of current HIV prevention activities. Offering combination prevention, including outreach by peer health workers, increased uptake of sexual health services delivering behavioural and biomedical interventions, and supported by social marketing to ensure continued community engagement and support, could be the way forward. Focused investment in the needs of those at highest risk, including those diagnosed HIV-positive, may generate a prevention dividend in the long term

From community to clients: the professionalisation of HIV prevention among gay men and its implications for intervention selection

Forces at work are described which encourage professionalisation and a reliance on one on one HIV prevention interventions among gay men. Community involvement is intrinsically linked to epidemic phases; when the threat diminishes, so does the community's ability to sustain community level interventions. The area of structural and environmental interventions, which can reinforce safe behaviour when community interest in collective action wanes, provides a potential complementary solution for prevention workers, researchers, and funders alike

Floración en zanahoria (Daucus carota L.): respuesta de diversos genotipos a la vernalización y fotoperiodo

Los cultivares bienales de zanahoria requieren más horas de frío que los anuales para cumplir con los requerimientos de vernalización. En ambos casos también requieren días largos, luego del periodo de vernalización, para florecer. Sin embargo, esta última observación no ha sido estudiada exhaustivamente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el requerimiento de vernalización y la respuesta al fotoperiodo en variedades de zanahoria de diferentes orígenes geográficos. Para ello, tres variedades anuales de Pakistán (P), India (I) y Brasil (cv. Brasilia), y una bienal de Japón (cv. Kuroda) fueron sometidas a temperatura vernalizante (5 °C) durante 30, 60, 90 ó 120 días, y a diferentes condiciones de fotoperiodo luego del frío: días cortos (8 horas de luz) y largos (16 horas de luz). Se utilizaron cámaras de cultivo con condiciones controladas de luz, temperatura, humedad y disponibilidad de agua. Como variable respuesta se midió el porcentaje de plantas florecidas para cada combinación de tratamientos vernalizantes y de largo de día. Se encontró variabilidad significativa (coeficiente de determinación R2=0,55; P65% y Brasilia 50% mientras que en Kuroda hubo 40% de floración. Respecto al largo del día, no se observó variabilidad significativa (R2=0,004; p=0,166) en los porcentajes de floración comparando los tratamientos de días cortos y largos. En conclusión, las variedades bienales requieren más horas de frío que las anuales para florecer, aunque existen diferencias cuantitativas dentro de cada grupo; mientras que el largo del día posterior a la vernalización no afecta el porcentaje de floración en los acervos genéticos evaluados.Fil: Wohlfeiler Altavilla, Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Alessandro, M. S.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; ArgentinaFil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Cátedra de Horticultura y Floricultura; ArgentinaFil: Oghievski, D.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Cátedra de Horticultura y Floricultura; ArgentinaFil: Galmarini, Claudio Romulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Cátedra de Horticultura y Floricultura; Argentina41° Congreso Argentino de Horticultura; V Simposio de Aromáticas, Medicinales y CondimenticiasLa PlataArgentinaAsociación Argentina de HorticulturaInternational Society for Horticultural Scienc

Is social capital associated with HIV risk in rural South Africa?

The role of social capital in promoting health is now widely debated within international public health. In relation to HIV, the results of previous observational and cross-sectional studies have been mixed. In some settings it has been suggested that high levels of social capital and community cohesion might be protective and facilitate more effective collective responses to the epidemic. In others, group membership has been a risk factor for HIV infection. There have been few attempts to strengthen social capital, particularly in developing countries, and examine its effect on vulnerability to HIV. Employing data from an intervention study, we examined associations between social capital and HIV risk among 1063 14 to 35-year-old male and female residents of 750 poor households from 8 villages in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. We assessed cognitive social capital (CSC) and structural social capital (SSC) separately, and examined associations with numerous aspects of HIV-related psycho-social attributes, risk behavior, prevalence and incidence. Among males, after adjusting for potential confounders, residing in households with greater levels of CSC was linked to lower HIV prevalence and higher levels of condom use. Among females, similar patterns of relationships with CSC were observed. However, while greater SSC was associated with protective psychosocial attributes and risk behavior, it was also associated with higher rates of HIV infection. This work underscores the complex and nuanced relationship between social capital and HIV risk in a rural African context. We suggest that not all social capital is protective or health promotive, and that getting the balance right is critical to informing HIV prevention efforts