Are male orangutans a threat to infants? Evidence of mother-offspring counter strategies to infanticide in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii)

Sexually selected infanticide by males is widespread in primates. Female primates employ a variety of strategies to reduce infanticide risk. While infanticide has never been directly observed in wild orangutans (Pongo spp.), their slow life history makes infants vulnerable to infanticide. The mating strategies of female orangutans include polyandrous and postconceptive mating that may serve to increase paternity confusion, an infanticide avoidance strategy. Here, we investigate whether female orangutans alter their social interactions with males as another infanticide avoidance strategy. We hypothesize that females with younger offspring avoid males and that the distance between mother and offspring decreases in the presence of males. We use long-term behavioral data collected between 1994 and 2016 from Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia, to test whether the sexual selection hypothesis for infanticide helps explain aspects of orangutan social behavior. We found that mothers with offspring 6 yr. old and females without offspring. In addition, the distance between a mother–offspring dyad showed a statistically significant decrease in the presence of males, but not females. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that female orangutans employ strategies to reduce infanticide risk in their social interactions. Because orangutans have a high fission–fusion dynamic, they have flexibility in manipulating social interactions as a counter-infanticide strategy. Our results suggest that infanticide by males is a selective pressure shaping female orangutan social behavior.Accepted manuscrip

Pengaruh Hutan Kota terhadap Reduksi Kebisingan Lalu Lintas di Jalan A. Yani Pontianak (Studi Kasus Arboretum Sylva Untan dan Halaman Kantor Gubernur Kalbar)

Kawasan Jalan A. Yani Pontianak merupakan salah satu jaringan jalan dengan aktivitas transportasi yang tinggi. Hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya Perubahan kualitas fisik lingkungan yaitu timbulnya kebisingan. Arboretum Sylva Untan di tengah kota Pontianak menjadi solusi untuk memperbaiki kualitas fisik lingkungan salah satunya sebagai peredam kebisingan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingkat kebisingan di Arboretum Sylva Untan dan di halaman kantor Gubernur Kalbar (kontrol), mengetahui kemampuan Arboretum Sylva Untan mereduksi tingkat kebisingan lalu lintas di Jalan A. Yani, dan menganalisis tingkat kebisingan di kawasan jalan A. Yani dikaitkan dengan baku tingkat kebisingan menurut Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No.48 tahun 1996. Pengukuran kebisingan dilakukan pada pukul 06.00-08.00 WIB dengan empat kali pengulangan disertai pengukuran kondisi lingkungan dan kondisi lalu lintas. Berdasarkan hasil analisa, Arboretum Sylva Untan pada jarak 2–50m dari sumber suara, dengan jumlah vegetasi 449 jenis, mampu mereduksi tingkat kebisingan sebesar 16,29dB atau 21% dan pada jarak 50–98m dari sumber suara, dengan jumlah vegetasi 317 jenis mereduksi tingkat kebisingan sebesar 7,61dB atau 12,44%. Berdasarkan data tersebut, maka kemampuan reduksi Arboretum Sylva Untan dengan area pengukuran 180m x 96m dengan jumlah vegetasi 716 jenis, mampu mereduksi tingkat kebisingan sebesar 23,90dB atau 44,86%. Dengan kemampuan reduksi tersebut, menjadikan kawasan Universitas Tanjungpura memenuhi standar baku tingkat kebisingan untuk kawasan pendidikan, yaitu 55dB. Dan pada lokasi halaman kantor Gubernur Kalbar dengan kemampuan reduksi tingkat kebisingan sebesar 16,85dB menjadikan kawasan kantor Gubernur Kalbar memenuhi standar baku tingkat kebisingan untuk kawasan fasilitas umum dan pemerintahan, yaitu 60dB

Hubungan Kinerja Tugas dan Kinerja Kontekstual Dengan Kepuasan Kerja, Komitmen dan Kepribadian

This study addressed the role of organizational commitment, job satisfaction and personality in contextual performance (organizational citizenship behavior) and task performance or in- role performance. Job satisfaction were identified satisfaction to reward and organizational commitment were identified affective organizational commitment and self-esteem personality, I provide a framework showing these variables may motivate citizenship behavior and in-role performance. A survey was conducted by using questionnaires from previous research. The questionnaires were sent to 250 employees in service organizations such as hospitals, schools, hotels, and educational institution. Validity tests and reliability tests were used to test the questionnaires contents. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to test the relationship among the variables. The result proved that self-esteem personality have the strongest effect on individual in-role performance, and organizational commitment have the dtrongest effect on individual contextual performance (organizational citizenship behavior). In-role performance is different from contextual performance. . A thorough discussion on the relationship among the variables as well as on self rating is presented in this paper

Pengaruh Manajemen Impresi Pada Perilaku Kewargaan Organisasional: Suatu Studi Empiris

In this paper we investigated whether or not impression management effect organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of employees in service industries in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.  The aim of this research also distinguished between impression management and OCB. Based on the previous researchers, I examine that five dimensions of impression management enhance three dimensions of OCB. Three types of OCB and five types of impression management were assessed using modification of previous researchers. A survey was conducted by using questionnaires from previous research. The questionnaires were sent to employees in private service organizations, 171 completed surveys were returned anonymously in sealed envelopes. Validity tests and reliability tests were used to test the questionnaires contents. Independent sample test was used to test difference between impression management and OCB. The correlation between two dimensions and regressions analysis were used to test the relationship among the variables and dimensions. The result proved that impression management is both conceptually and empirically distinct from OCB. Self-promotion, ingratiation, and exemplification dimensions have positive effect on participation dimension, ingratiation, exemplification, and supplication dimensions have positive effect on obedience dimension, and exemplification, intimidation, and supplication dimensions have positive effect on loyalty dimensions. A thorough discussion on the relationship among the variables as well as on self rating is presented in this paper

Environmental Effect of Boarding Schools and SQ (Spiritual Quotient) Toward Learning Outcomes Physics

This study aimed to determine the correlation between boarding schools and spiritual quotient (SQ) on learning outcomes. The method used was a survey with quantitative approach, because there are two independent variables, then use path design analysis. The results obtained, the first, there was a significant relationship between the pesantren with the student learning outcomes, tcount = 2,22 > ttable(0,05)=1,69, a contribution of the boarding school environment to learning outcomes was 36.1% with the category enough. The second, there was a significant relationship between spiritual quotient with a physics student learning outcomes, tcount = 4,3 > ttable(0,05) = 1,69, a contribution spiritual abilities physics quotient on learning outcomes by 36% with the category enough. The third, there was a significant relationship between the pesantren and spiritual quotient on learning outcomes tcount ≥ ttable(0,05)=1,69

Konflik Kepentingan Dalam Organisasi Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI) Tahun 1970-1971

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk. 1. Mengetahui perkembangan organisasi Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia. 2. Mengetahui latar belakang dan proses terjadinya konflik kepentingan dalam organisasi PWI tahun 1970-1971. 3. Mengetahui dampak dari konflik kepentigan dalam organisasi PWI terhadap internal organisasi, pers nasional dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode historis yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber (kritik intern dan ekstern), interpretasi dan historiografi. Sumber penelitian dikumpulkan melalui studi dokumen dan arsip. Sumber yang digunakan antara lain adalah arsip berupa surat kabar sezaman yang telah dibukukan. Adapun sumber sekunder yang digunakan antara lain buku-buku referensi, artikel, serta penelitian terdahulu yang berkaitan dengan tema yang diambil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya konflik kepentingan pada organisasi PWI tidak bisa dilepaskan dari keadaan sosial-politik dan perkembangan pers nasional pada masa awal orba. Kebebasan pers yang tinggi membuat pemerintah ingin mengendalikannya. PWI sebagai induk organisasi wartawan menjadi sasaran utama pemerintah untuk dapat menguasai pers nasional dengan cara mengintervensi Kongres PWI ke-XIV di Palembang tahun 1970. Dalam Kongres terdapat dua golongan yang berbeda sehingga menghasilkan dualisme kepemimpinan dan konflik kepentingan dalam PWI Pusat. Fenomena dualisme kepemimpinan ini menimbulkan dampak yang sangat besar, baik ke dalam internal organisasi PWI, terhadap pers, maupun masyarakat luas. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dalam kajian ini adalah PWI merupakan organisasi PWI memiliki peran penting dalam perkembangan pers nasional. Oleh karena itu, adanya konflik kepenntingan dalam PWI menimbulkan dampak yang sangat luas. Berhasil tercapainya integrasi dalam PP PWI menunjukkan bahwa meskipun terdapat dua golongan yang berbeda pendapat dalam satu organisasi, mereka dapat mengesampingkan perbedaan itu dengan mengedepankan komitmen profesi

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pakar Untuk Aplikasi Permohonan Kredit Pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy C-means Clustering Berbasis Website

Savings and Loans Cooperatives act as financial distribution to the public institutions. To determine the level of success in the provision of credit, not only in the admissions decisions and spending money, but also lies in the development of the customers who have assisted with the smooth repayment of credit and loans in accordance with the agreement that has been agreed upon. In identifying credit, the lender (cooperative) need to specify the parameters to be used in the assessment of the feasibility of prospective customers and to evaluate the ability of existing customers pay by using credit scoring system for small and medium enterprise sectorTo classify customers based on the categories needed Fuzzy C-Means Clustering. With this method can help administrators to divide the customer to get credit or not.Keywords : Savings and Loans Cooperatives Customers, Expert Systems, Fuzzy C-Means Clusterin

Kemampuan Soft Skill Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dan Magetan Provinsi Jawa Timur

Background: The implementation of regional autonomy inhealth care, Human Resources (HR) are required to have healthentrepreneurship ability, leadership and managerial. In fact,until now information about the capabilities are not yet clearlyknown.Purpose: This study aims to know the capabilities soft skills(entrepreneurship, managerial, leadership) of health workersin the District of Bojonegoro and Magetan.Method: Research design that is used is descriptive researchon the location of Health Dander, Baureno Health, and dr.Sosodiro Hospital District of Bojonegoro. Health Candirejo,Health Ngariboyo, Plaosan Health, Health Kawedanan Dr.Sayidiman Hospital Magetan District. Research target is thehead office staff and health, and director of the hospital staff,health staff and the head. Large target is 82 people. Variableinvolved is the ability of soft skills aspects of entrepreneurship,leadership, change management and conflict management.Collecting data is done by giving a ranking scale with the contentof the medium on the aspects of konatif attitude. Data analysiswould be conducted descriptive.Result: Result of research showed that entrepreneurial abilityis less 56.1%, 50.0% less in leadership and managerial 41.5%less. Attributes such as entrepreneurial marketing 48.1% less,self-confidence 57.3% less, task orientation and 58.5% poorresults. Courage risk taking 56.1% less; lobby and negotiate47.5% less. Attributes such as leadership ability 36.6% lessdirective, less supportive 82.9%, 48.8% less participative,achievement orientation, and 52.5% less. While the ability tomanage changes to 13.4% less, manage conflict 74.3% less.Conclusion: The situation above can be concluded that theability entrepreneurship aspects of soft skills, leadership andmanagerial health still needs to be done so that lessimprovement and development of these skills.Keywords: soft skills, entrepreneurship, leadership,manageria