Saturated Critical Heat Flux in a Multi-Microchannel Heat Sink Fed by a Split Flow System

An extensive experimental campaign has been carried out for the measurement of saturated critical heat flux in a multi-microchannel copper heat sink. The heat sink was formed by 29 parallel channels that were 199 μm wide and 756 μm deep. In order to increase the critical heat flux and reduce the two-phase pressure drop, a split flow system was implemented with one central inlet at the middle of the channels and two outlets at either end. The base critical heat flux was measured using three HFC Refrigerants (R134a, R236fa and R245fa) for mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1500 kg/m2 s, inlet subcoolings from −25 to −5 K and saturation temperatures from 20 to 50 °C. The parametric effects of mass velocity, saturation temperature and inlet subcooling were investigated. The analysis showed that significantly higher CHF was obtainable with the split flow system (one inlet–two outlets) compared to the single inlet–single outlet system, providing also a much lower pressure drop. Notably several existing predictive methods matched the experimental data quite well and quantitatively predicted the benefit of higher CHF of the split flow

Analisis dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Penggajian pada PT Karya Murni Indah

PT Karya Murni Indah merupakan sebuah bengkel yang dipercaya beberapaperusahaan asuransi untuk menjadi bengkel rujukan. Untuk menjaga kualitaskinerja karyawan, PT Karya Murni Indah dituntut untuk memiliki sisteminformasi penggajian yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisiskinerja sistem informasi penggajian yang dimiliki dan diterapkan di Perusahaandan, berdasarkan hasil analisis kinerja tersebut, membuat rancangan sistempenggajian yang lebih efektif, efisiesn, dan lebih sesuai dengan prosespenggajian. Data primer tentang alur prosedur penggajian dan data sekunderyang berupa dokumen-dokumen penggajian digunakan untuk merekonstruksibagan alir sistem penggajian. Berdasarkan bagan alir tersebut, kinerja sisteminformasi penggajian dievaluasi. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) dan model REAdigunakan untuk merancang-ulang sistem.Sistem antarmuka berbasis grafik yangdirancang berdasarkan pada bagan alir sistem yang telah dirancangmenggunakan DFD dan database menggunakan model REA. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa secara umum sistem informasi akuntansi penggajian PTKarya Murni Indah sudah berjalan dengan baik. Namun ditemukan empatkelemahan, yaitu adanya perangkapan tugas, sistem pencatatan yang masihmanual, belum adanya kartu kehadiran karyawan, dan kurang objektifnyapemberian bonus. Kelemahan-kelemahan tersebut membuka peluang terjadinyakecurangan dan kesalahan pencatatan penggajian. Perancangan-ulang sistemdiajukan untuk mengatasi kelemahan tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil analisisfinansial pengembangan sistem, perancangan-ulang sistem ifnormasi akuntansipenggajian layak untuk direalisasikan. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan waktupengembalian yang lebih pendek daripada umur sistem dan selisih manfaat yanglebih besar daripada biaya perancangan yang dikeluarkan

Bioactivity of Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus Linnaeus) Essential Oils Against Spodoptera Litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The study aims to determine the chemical compounds, toxicity, and antifeedant activity of sweet flag (Acorus calamus) essential oils against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. The study was conducted using a com-pletely randomized design (CRD) using various concentration of the essential oils (103, 2 × 103, 3 × 103, 4 × 103, 5 × 103 ppm). Mortality and antifeedant activity was observed 24 hours after treatment. Toxicity and anti-feedant activity values were 92.5% and 79.3%, respectively, with an LC50 value 586.96 ppm. Gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry analysis showed that essential oil of A. calamus consists of five chemical compounds: methyl isoeugenol, 3.9-decadien-ol-1,3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl), 4-pentyl-1-(4propylcyclohexyl)1cyclohexene, γ-asarone and β asarone. Keywords: Acorus calamus, essential oils, mortality, antifeedant, Spodoptera lituraThe study aims to determine the chemical compounds, toxicity, and antifeedant activity of sweet flag (Acorus calamus) essential oils against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) using various concentration of the essential oils (103, 2 × 103, 3 × 103, 4 × 103, 5 × 103 ppm). Mortality and antifeedant activity was observed 24 hours after treatment. Toxicity and antifeedant activity values were 92.5% and 79.3%, respectively, with an LC50 value 586.96 ppm. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that essential oil of A. calamus consists of five chemical compounds: methyl isoeugenol, 3.9-decadien-ol-1,3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl), 4-pentyl-1-(4propylcyclohexyl)1cyclohexene, γ-asarone and β asarone

Multifunctional Mutants Of Azospirillum SP. With Enhanced Capability Of Solubilizing Phosphorus, Fixing Nitrogen And Producing Indole Acetic Acid

Azospirillum sp. have long been known as biofertilizer for plant growth because of its capability to produce phytohormones and fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Multifunctional Azospirillum strain Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2 isolated in 2009 from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) rhizosphere in Lembang, Bandung, West Java, was capable of fixing nitrogen, solubilizing tricalcium-phosphate, and producing phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). The study aimed to modify the multifunctions of Azos-pirillum sp. for better capability of fixing N2, solubilizing P, and producing IAA using ethyl methanesulfonate and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (EMS) mutagen. The study was conducted at Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) in 2010. The results showed that this strain was genetically mutagenized using EMS for better performance in solubilizing P, fixing N2 (nitrogenase activity), and producing phytohormone (IAA). The optimum concentration and the length of incubation time for the process have been determined. Nine selected mutants with increasing capability to solubilize P (determined by clear-zone formation on Pikovskaya's medium) have been characterized for nitrogenase activities and IAA production compared to wild type Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2. The effect of mutagenesis on IAA produc-tion and nitrogenase activities varied among the mutans. Two mutants, AzM 3.7.1.16 and AzM 1.7.2.12, showed superiority in the production of IAA, while two mutants, AzM 1.5.1.14 and AzM 3.7.1.15, were superior in nitrogenase activities. The EMS mutagenesis of Azospirillum sp. showed enhanced dissolving capa-bility of unsoluble phosphate (tricalciumphosphate) and increased IAA production and nitrogenase activity

Kajian Secara in Silico Terhadap Potensi Eugenol Dan Sitronelal Sebagai Pestisida Nabati Untuk Pengendalian Serangga Helopeltis Antonii

Potensi eugenol dan sitronelal sebagai pestisida nabati dikaji melalui pemodelan secara in silico. Interaksi antara ligan eugenol dan sitronelal sebagai bioaktif dengan mitrokondria Helopeltis antonii sebagai reseptor, dikaji dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Autodock Tools dan Autodock Vina. Hasil kajian in silico menunjukkan bahwa dengan metode multiple docking menggunakan Autodock Tools diperoleh nilai inhibisi (ki) campuran eugenol – sitronelal sebesar 4,20 mM dan nilai energi ikat bebas (∆G) sebesar -3,24 kkal/mol. Sedangkan hasil validasi menggunakan Autodock Vina menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara eugenol – sitronelal memiliki nilai afinitas energi ikat bebas (∆Gaff) sebesar -4,8 kkal/mol dan nilai inhibisi (ki) sebesar 3,300 mM

Growth and Development of Bactrocera Carambolae Drew & Handcock (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Three Artificial Diets

Pollard and tofu waste as main component of food for Fruit fly (Bactrocera carambolae) gave better nutrition to support their growth and development than tapioca waste. Pollard, tofu waste and tapioca waste contributed to finish fruit fly life cycles 16, 47, 17, 83 and 18.77 days respectively. Oviposition period of fruit fly on pollard was longer than others. Total number of eggs was laid by fruit fly on pollard about twice to three times higher than others. In addition, longest period of male and female adults was shown by pollard. Net reproduction rate (Ro), mean of life span period (T), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), rate of limit rate of increase (λ) and reproduction value (RVx) shown by life table explained that pollard was suitable material for rearing of B. carambolae as diet

C-Reactive protein and risk of ESRD: results from the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT)

Background: To better understand a potential association of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level with progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), we examined the relationship of CRP level with the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT). Study Design Post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: 4,038 patients with type 2 diabetes, CKD, and anemia in TREAT. Predictor: Baseline serum CRP concentrations. Outcomes: The primary outcome was development of ESRD; secondary outcomes included doubling of serum creatinine level, a composite of ESRD/serum creatinine doubling, and a composite of death or ESRD. Measurements: We fit unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models to test the association of baseline CRP level with time to the development of the outcomes of interest. Results: Mean age of participants was 67 years, 43% were men, and 64% were white. Approximately half (48%) the patients had CRP levels > 3.0 mg/L; 668 patients developed ESRD, and 1,270 developed the composite outcome of death or ESRD. Compared with patients with baseline CRP levels ≤ 3.0 mg/L, those with moderately/markedly elevated CRP levels (≥6.9 mg/L; 24% of patients) had a higher adjusted risk for ESRD (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.63) and the composite outcome of death or ESRD (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.21-1.64). Although nonsignificant, similar trends were noted in competing-risk models. Limitations: Results may not be generalizable to nondiabetic CKD or diabetic CKD in the absence of anemia. Conclusions: Elevated baseline CRP levels are common in type 2 diabetic patients with anemia and CKD and are associated with the future development of ESRD and the composite of death or ESRD

Effects of Compost on Nematode Pratylenchus SP. (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) Population in Patchouli

Patchouli is seen as one of the most important export commodities in Indonesia. The presence of parasitic nematode Pratylenchus sp. creates a barrier to plant cultivation. Increasing organic content in soil by applying compost in the plantation is one of approaches in controlling the nematode. This research was mainly aimed to study the effects of compost fertilization on the population growth of nematode Pratylenchus sp. and yields on patchouli. These research used a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) consisting of 12 treatments with three replicates. Selected plant was inoculated with nematodes with the following initial population: 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 nematodes in soil with and without compost. The plant with no inoculation was used as control. The result of the research confirmed that the addition of compost was capable of suppressing the population of nematode Pratylenchus sp. as much as 58.93 - 67.31% and 40.74 - 59.19% in root and in soil of each treatment, respectively. Compost applied in each treatment positively affected the increasing amount of Patchouli oil yielded, and it could also reduce the loss as much as 18.34 - 43.36%. Trichoderma sp. was found to be dominant in compost in the treatment with its population of 2.1 × 104 propogul/g