Лексика угорського походження в говірці села Cімер Перечинського району Закарпатської області (The vocabulary of Hungarian origin in the subdialect of the village of Simer in Perechyn district, Transcarpathian region)

У статті подані угорські запозичення в ужанській говірці села Сімер Перечинського району Закарпатської області, простежено наявність цих лексем в інших говірках України, слова поділені на тематичні групи. Об’єктом дослідження є гунгаризми в складі лексики, зібраної за допомогою польових записів протягом 2012-2015 років. У результаті проведеного дослідження автори статті доходять висновку про те, що говірка села багата на іншомовні запозичення, найбільшу частку яких становлять слова західнослов’янського та угорського походження. (Borrowings from the Hungarian language at the present time constitute one of the specific lexical features of the Transcarpathian dialects and are used mainly in dialectal speech. The article contains of the Hungarian borrowings in Uzhansky subdialect of the village of Simer in Perechyn district, Transcarpathian region, traced the presence of these lexemes in other dialects of Ukraine. The object of study is the Hungarian borrowings in the composition of vocabulary, collected through field notes from 2012 to 2015. The words are divided into the following thematic groups: names of clothes, names of kinds of shoes, the names of food, names of kitchen utensils, names of family affinity, names of household items, names on the designation of land plots, the names of human qualities, vehicles names, trade-related names, monetary relationships, names associated with professional activity, names associated with the housing and surrounding area, the administrative names. Borrowings from the Hungarian language in the speech of residents of the village of Simer relate mainly to household sphere. The authors of the article examine in detail some Hungarian borrowings from the thematic group of «Names of clothes», which is the most numerous among all existing groups in the dialect. As a result of our research efforts authors came to the conclusion that the dialect of the village is rich in borrowings, the greatest percentage of words West Slavic and Hungarian origin. A significant part of borrowed researched vocabulary recently becoming an archaism from dialects carrier they are replaced by new dialect formation or literary lexeme.

On a possibility to construct gauge invariant quantum formulation for non-gauge classical theory

A non-gauge dynamical system depending on parameters is considered. It is shown that these parameters can have such values that corresponding canonically quantized theory will be gauge invariant. The equations allowing to find these values of parameters are derived. The prescription under consideration is applied to obtaining the equation of motion for tachyon background field in closed bosonic string theory.Comment: 19 pages, LaTeX file, minor mistakes correcte

Spectator Sport and Population Health: A Consultation with U.S. College Athletics Employees

A growing number of studies have been published to understand how spectator sport may influence the health of a population. However, it is unknown if these studies address research questions relevant to professionals engaging in the promotion of spectator sport. We conducted a web-based survey with 136 practitioners employed in U.S. college athletics to identify their research priorities and needs regarding spectator sport’s influence on population health. The combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses show that future research needs to be focused particularly on one of the following research themes: (a) social psychological benefits of sport spectatorship and (b) psychological impact of sport spectatorship. The findings further suggest the integration of environmental well-being and eudaimonic well-being into the domain of population health. Based on these findings, we propose future research directions as informed and guided by the practitioners’ perspectives

Collective sensing and collective responses in quorum-sensing bacteria

Bacteria often face fluctuating environments, and in response many species have evolved complex decision-making mechanisms to match their behaviour to the prevailing conditions. Some environmental cues provide direct and reliable information (such as nutrient concentrations) and can be responded to individually. Other environmental parameters are harder to infer and require a collective mechanism of sensing. In addition, some environmental challenges are best faced by a group of cells rather than an individual. In this review, we discuss how bacteria sense and overcome environmental challenges as a group using collective mechanisms of sensing, known as ‘quorum sensing’ (QS). QS is characterized by the release and detection of small molecules, potentially allowing individuals to infer environmental parameters such as density and mass transfer. While a great deal of the molecular mechanisms of QS have been described, there is still controversy over its functional role. We discuss what QS senses and how, what it controls and why, and how social dilemmas shape its evolution. Finally, there is a growing focus on the use of QS inhibitors as antibacterial chemotherapy. We discuss the claim that such a strategy could overcome the evolution of resistance. By linking existing theoretical approaches to data, we hope this review will spur greater collaboration between experimental and theoretical researchers

A population-based nested case control study on recurrent pneumonias in children with severe generalized cerebral palsy: ethical considerations of the design and representativeness of the study sample

BACKGROUND: In children with severe generalized cerebral palsy, pneumonias are a major health issue. Malnutrition, dysphagia, gastro-oesophageal reflux, impaired respiratory function and constipation are hypothesized risk factors. Still, no data are available on the relative contribution of these possible risk factors in the described population. This paper describes the initiation of a study in 194 children with severe generalized cerebral palsy, on the prevalence and on the impact of these hypothesized risk factors of recurrent pneumonias. METHODS/DESIGN: A nested case-control design with 18 months follow-up was chosen. Dysphagia, respiratory function and constipation will be assessed at baseline, malnutrition and gastro-oesophageal reflux at the end of the follow-up. The study population consists of a representative population sample of children with severe generalized cerebral palsy. Inclusion was done through care-centres in a predefined geographical area and not through hospitals. All measurements will be done on-site which sets high demands on all measurements. If these demands were not met in "gold standard" methods, other methods were chosen. Although the inclusion period was prolonged, the desired sample size of 300 children was not met. With a consent rate of 33%, nearly 10% of all eligible children in The Netherlands are included (n = 194). The study population is subtly different from the non-participants with regard to severity of dysphagia and prevalence rates of pneumonias and gastro-oesophageal reflux. DISCUSSION: Ethical issues complicated the study design. Assessment of malnutrition and gastro-oesophageal reflux at baseline was considered unethical, since these conditions can be easily treated. Therefore, we postponed these diagnostics until the end of the follow-up. In order to include a representative sample, all eligible children in a predefined geographical area had to be contacted. To increase the consent rate, on-site measurements are of first choice, but timely inclusion is jeopardized. The initiation of this first study among children with severe neurological impairment led to specific, unexpected problems. Despite small differences between participants and non-participating children, our sample is as representative as can be expected from any population-based study and will provide important, new information to bring us further towards effective interventions to prevent pneumonias in this population

Inefficient purifying selection: the mammalian Y chromosome in the rodent genus Mus

Two related genes with potentially similar functions, one on the Y chromosome and one on the X chromosome, were examined to determine if they evolved differently because of their chromosomal positions. Six hundred fifty-seven base pairs of coding sequence of Jarid1d ( Smcy ) on the Y chromosome and Jarid1c ( Smcx ) on the X chromosome were sequenced in 13 rodent taxa. An analysis of replacement and silent substitutions, using a counting method designed for samples with small evolutionary distances, showed a significant difference between the two genes. The different patterns of replacement and silent substitutions within Jarid1d and Jarid1c may be a result of evolutionary mechanisms that are particularly strong on the Y chromosome because of its unique properties. These findings are similar to results of previous studies of Y chromosomal genes in these and other mammalian taxa, suggesting that genes on the mammalian Y evolve in a chromosome-specific manner.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46987/1/335_2005_Article_50.pd