Security Requirements for a Lifelong Electronic Health Record System: An Opinion

This article discusses the authors' views on the security requirements of a central, unique electronic health record. The requirements are based on the well-known principles of confidentiality and integrity and the less discussed principles of control and legal value. The article does not discuss any technical or legal solutions to the requirements proposed herein

How do experts recognize schizophrenia: the role of the disorganization symptom

Objective: Research on clinical reasoning has been useful in developing expert systems. These tools are based on Artificial Intelligence techniques which assist the physician in the diagnosis of complex diseases. The development of these systems is based on a cognitive model extracted through the identification of the clinical reasoning patterns applied by experts within the clinical decision-making context. This study describes the method of knowledge acquisition for the identification of the triggering symptoms used in the reasoning of three experts for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Method: Three experts on schizophrenia, from two University centers in Sao Paulo, were interviewed and asked to identify and to represent the triggering symptoms for the diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the graph methodology. Results: Graph methodology showed a remarkable disagreement on how the three experts established their diagnosis of schizophrenia. They differed in their choice of triggering-symptoms for the diagnosis of schizophrenia: disorganization, blunted affect and thought disturbances. Conclusions: The results indicate substantial differences between the experts as to their diagnostic reasoning patterns, probably under the influence of different theoretical tendencies. The disorganization symptom was considered to be the more appropriate to represent the heterogeneity of schizophrenia and also, to further develop an expert system for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.2815

Anthropometry and body composition in ethnic Japanese and Caucasian adolescent girls: Considerations on ethnicity and menarche

Objective: This study aimed to compare the various anthropometric and body composition parameters based on the ethnicity and the absence or presence of menarche.Design: A cross-sectional study with incomplete sampling, using the subject as the evaluation unit.Subjects: the final sample of 550 subjects was composed of 122 Japanese and 179 Caucasian premenarcheal adolescents, and 72 Japanese and 177 Caucasian postmenarcheal adolescents.Methods: the variables of body composition were measured through the following methods: bioelectrical impedance analysis, near-infrared interactance (NIR), Slaughter cutaneous skinfold equations and body mass index. Weight, height and sitting height were also evaluated.Results: the Japanese pre- and postmenarcheal girls presented lower weight and height values when compared with the Caucasian girls. in general, the Japanese premenarcheal girls presented less fat and fat-free mass than the premenarcheal Caucasian girls. This fact was demonstrated through NIR results. Conversely, the Japanese postmenarcheal adolescents accumulated more fat than their Caucasian counterparts. However, significant differences were solely encountered in the values of cutaneous skinfold percent body fat. With regard to menarche, it was verified that, regardless of ethnicity, all the anthropometric and body composition variables reached higher values among postmenarcheal adolescents when compared with premenarcheal adolescents.Conclusion: Different results of weight and height between the ethnic groups may bring back the discussion concerning separate growth curves for different ethnic groups. the results of the body composition analysis indicated high adiposity levels among postmenarcheal adolescents.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Postgrad Nutr, BR-04020060 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Prevent Med, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Postgrad Nutr, BR-04020060 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Prevent Med, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Hurdles at work: perceptions of hospital food handlers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Food handlers have a very important role in preventing food contamination during its preparation and distribution. This responsibility is even greater in hospitals, since a large number of patients have low immunity and consequently food contamination by pathogenic bacteria could be particularly harmful. Therefore, a good working environment and periodic training should be provided to food handlers by upper management.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study is qualitative research by means of focus group and thematic content analysis methodologies to examine, in detail, the statements by food handlers working in the milk and specific-diet kitchens in a hospital to understand the problems they face in the workplace.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that food handlers are aware of the role they play in restoring patients' health; they consider it important to offer a good-quality diet. However, according to their perceptions, a number of difficulties prevent them from reaching this aim. These include: upper management not prioritizing human and material resources to the dietetic services when making resource allocation decisions; a perception that upper management considers their work to be of lesser importance; delayed overtime payments; lack of periodic training; managers lacking administrative skills; insufficient dietitian staff assistants, leading to overwork, at the same time as there is an excess of dietitians; unhealthy environmental working conditions – high temperature, high humidity, loud and constant noise level, poor ventilation; lack of food, and kitchen utensils and equipment; and relationship conflicts with chief dieticians and co-workers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>From these findings, improvement in staff motivation could be achieved by considering non-financial incentives, such as improvement in working conditions and showing appreciation and respect through supervision, training and performance appraisal. Management action, such as investments in intermediary management so that managers have the capacity to provide supportive supervision, as well as better use of performance appraisal and access to training, may help overcome the identified problems.</p

Avaliação do estado nutricional materno e duração do aleitamento natural

Estudou-se o estado nutricional de 190 mães de baixa renda, primíparas ou não, residentes no município de São Paulo (Brasil), e sua relação com a duração do aleitamento natural. Na avaliação do estado nutricional empregou-se o critério de adequação de peso para a estatura. Investigou-se a participação do setor Saúde no processo de desmame. Descreveu-se também a prevalência de desnutrição no período pré-gestacional, no pós-parto e no pós-desmame, verificando-se o comportamento do estado nutricional nos três períodos. Observou-se que apenas entre as mulheres não-primíparas houve diferença estatisticamente significante do estado de nutrição nos períodos analisados. Quanto ao estudo da duração do aleitamento natural com o estado nutricional materno, não se encontrou associação significante entre estes eventos. Na tentativa de explorar outras variáveis, que estariam associadas com a ocorrência de desmame precoce na amostra estudada, enfocou-se a influência do setor Saúde, percebendo-se a falha qualitativa do mesmo quanto a orientação sobre aleitamento natural.The nutritional condition of one hundred and ninety (190) low income parturients of the city of S. Paulo (Brazil) was measured and correlated to the duration of breast-feeding. The nutritional status was measured using the weight for height adequacy ratio. The role of health services in the weaning process was also investigated. The prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in the pre-gestational, post-delivery and post-weaning periods was described and the nutritional status pattern during these periods was discussed: only the non-primiparous group of women showed a statistically significant difference in their nutritional status as between the three periods; no relationship between the mother's nutritional status and the duration of breast-feeding was observed. Health services' activities, and pre-natal and nursery routines were analized and showed a qualitative faillure that best explains the early weaning in the sample population studied