Dinamika Hubungan Indonesia Dan Jepang Dalam Indonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement Studi Kasus: Evaluasi Kebijakan Terhadap Eksploitasi Ikan Tuna Di Wilayah Perairan Indonesia

Indonesia Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) is one ofthe economic cooperation agreed by Indonesia and Japan, regulatingabout tariff reduction. The study reveals that the economiccooperation conducted by both countries has certain implications forefforts in doing environmental reforms in Indonesia especially in thecase of tuna exploitation where these implications are believed to beable impact the relationship between Indonesia and Japan. Thisresearch is aimed to evaluate said impact on the environment as wellto take a closer look at the IJEPA bilateral relations of both countries.The results of this research indicate that the strategy of Indonesia'sperformance in such cooperation is moderately weak

Agresi Amerika Serikat Terhadap Irak Periode 2003-2010

United States of America aggression raises many questions about theexplanations on why US aggression against Iraq. The trigger factors todeclare war against Iraq were multifaceted, include: political, economic,ideological, and strategic position. This undergraduate thesis aims tofind the factors that cause aggression of US military forces against Iraqas well as the US government policy toward Iraq which was based on avarious interests. This research analysis uses the theory of realism ininternational relations that based on the pursuit of national interest andnational security. The research concluded that the US aggression to Iraqperiod 2003-2010 was based on the interest of US hegemony in theMiddle East

Pengadopsian Kebijakan Dekriminalisasi Illicit Drugs for Personal Use Di Portugal Oleh UNODC

Drugs abuse is a criminal act which cause harm to state\u27s health,social and economy circumstances. So far, United Nation on Drugsand Crime (UNODC) drugs policy tend to do law enforcement andoperations to stifle drug supply. Portugal raise a different policy in2001 where drug use is no longer a crime act and only consider asadministrative offences. It show positive result and they try to promoteit into the Commission in Narcotic Drugs (CND). Using liberalinstitutionalism and global public policy theory, this research tries toanalyze the process of global policy adoption to challenge drugsabuse. It seeks to describe what kind of global policy adoption happenin CND is and the process in adopting national policy into globalpolicy. As the result, UNODC did not fully adopting Portugal\u27s drugsdecriminalization policy. But, Portugal and European Union\u27s role inpolitical process in CND earn policy adoption to the importance ofaccess to rehabilitation and treatment for drug users as a strategy tochallenge drug abuse

Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Methane-Utilizing Bacteria From the Sediment of Lowland Rice

Methane is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. Methanogen and methanotrophic group microbes play a role in methane emissions in lowland rice fields. Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria that decompose organic matter in anaerobic conditions. These bacteria will be active if the soil is inundated for an extended period of time. Some of this methane will be oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere. The researchers aimed to isolate, screen, and characterize methane-utilizing bacteria in lowland rice sediment from several Indonesian provinces. 27 methane- utilizing bacteria were isolated from rice field sediments in Lampung, West Java, and East Nusa Tenggara Province. Six of them had the potential to reduce methane emissions by more than half. A pmoA-like gene could be found in all of the selected isolates. The bacterial isolates were identified as Mycobacterium senegalense, Bacillus marisflavi, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Flavobacterium tirrenicum, Providencia stuartii, and Rhizobium rhizoryzae after characterization and identification with the Biolog OmniLog® ID system. These were all capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and IAA production. These isolates have the potential to be used as biofertilizers and methane mitigation agents. Keywords: biofertilizers, greenhouse gas, lowland rice, methane-utilizing bacteri

Potensi Quorum Quencher Bakteri Filosfer dan Rizosfer terhadap Dickeya dadantii

Ekspresi gen-gen virulensi pada Dickeya dadantii diatur oleh proses quorum sensing menggunakan asil-homoserin lakton (AHL) sebagai molekul sinyal. Patogenisitas bakteri tersebut dapat dihambat oleh aktivitas quorum quenching (QQ) bakteribakteri penghasil AHL-laktonase. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengarakterisasi bakteri penghasil AHLlaktonase asal rizosfer dan filosfer yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai quorum quencher untuk D. dadantii. Isolasi bakteri dilakukan dari sampel daun dan sampel tanah rizosfer beberapa komoditas tanaman asal Sukabumi, Tegal, Kupang, dan Wonosobo. Sebanyak 8 dari 79 isolat bakteri yang diperoleh menunjukkan aktivitas QQ terhadap bioindikator Chromobacterium violaceum. Bioasai respons hipersensitif (hypersensitive response) yang dilakukan pada tanaman tembakaumenunjukkan enam (KT2, KT9, KT10, KUT1, TKF2, and WKF3) dari delapan isolat tersebut tidak menimbulkan respons hipersensitif. Keenam isolat tersebut mampu menekan virulensi D. dadantii pada umbi kentang. Sekuen 16S rRNA enam isolat tersebut memiliki kemiripan tertinggi dengan Bacillus cereus, B. aryabhattai, B. acidiceler, dan Micrococcus aloeverae. B. cereus KT9 and B. aryabhattai TKF2 terdeteksi memiliki gen penyandi AHL-laktonase (aiiA). Ini merupakan laporan yang pertama tentang aktivitas QQ pada spesies M. aloeverae, B. aryabhattai, and B. acidiceler. Keberadaan gen aiiA pada B.aryabhattai juga belum pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi baru tentang aktivitas QQ ketiga isolat tersebut dan potensinya sebagai quorum quencher untuk D. dadantii

Analysis of peat bacterial diversity in oil palm plantations and a logged forest in Jambi, Indonesia, using PCR-DGGE technique

Abstract Jambi Province has around 617,000 hectares of peatlands spread across six districts, including Tanjung Jabung Timur. Reports on microbial diversity under different land cover, especially those using molecular techniques, were very limited. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of peatlands conversion on soil bacterial biodiversity, through the analysis of 16S-rDNA gene employing polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Peat soil samples were taken from the topsoil (rhizosphere) of 3 sites, i.e. (A) conventional drained (50 to 70 cm) oil palm plantation, (B) shallow drained (30 to 50 cm) oil palm plantation, and (C) logged-over peat forest. Sequential analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that 15 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) could be grouped into 3 phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The alignment result of nucleotide shows that 4 of 15 bands of DGGE were identified as the uncultured bacterium (Sulfurospirillum, Acidobacteria, Rhodoplane, and Magnetospirillum). Overall, the Shannon-Weaver biodiversity index showed that the conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantation increased bacterial biodiversity. This could be attributed to drainage, ferlilization, and biomass inputs under the oil palm plantations. The higher biodiversity under oil palm plantations also implies a higher rate of peat decomposition under this land use, relative to the forest.</jats:p

Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Methane-Utilizing Bacteria From the Sediment of Lowland Rice

Methane is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. Methanogen and methanotrophic group microbes play a role in methane emissions in lowland rice fields. Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria that decompose organic matter in anaerobic conditions. These bacteria will be active if the soil is inundated for an extended period of time. Some of this methane will be oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere. The researchers aimed to isolate, screen, and characterize methane-utilizing bacteria in lowland rice sediment from several Indonesian provinces. 27 methane- utilizing bacteria were isolated from rice field sediments in Lampung, West Java, and East Nusa Tenggara Province. Six of them had the potential to reduce methane emissions by more than half. A pmoA-like gene could be found in all of the selected isolates. The bacterial isolates were identified as Mycobacterium senegalense, Bacillus marisflavi, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Flavobacterium tirrenicum, Providencia stuartii, and Rhizobium rhizoryzae after characterization and identification with the Biolog OmniLog® ID system. These were all capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and IAA production. These isolates have the potential to be used as biofertilizers and methane mitigation agents.&#x0D; Keywords: biofertilizers, greenhouse gas, lowland rice, methane-utilizing bacteria</jats:p

Karakteristasi Bakteri Asal Lahan Gambut Jambi dan Potensinya Sebagai Pupuk Hayati

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstak&lt;/strong&gt;. Penggunaan pupuk hayati di Indonesia menunjukkan tren yang semakin meningkat.  Pupuk hayati mulai banyak diaplikasikan di lahan optimal maupun di lahan suboptimal, termasuk lahan rawa dan lahan gambut. Tanah gambut memiliki banyak kendala, diantaranya adalah pH yang sangat rendah, dan kandungan serta ketersediaan unsur hara yang sangat rendah. Selain itu lahan gambut pada musim penghujan akan terjadi penggenangan air, sedangkan pada musim kemarau akan terjadi kekeringan. Untuk mendapatkan mikroba yang mampu bertahan di lingkungan ekstrim seperti ini kami isolasi mikroba &lt;em&gt;indigenous&lt;/em&gt; dari lahan gambut di Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi. Daya adaptasi dan daya kompetisi mikroba di lapangan, merupakan dasar pemilihan mikroba sebagai pupuk hayati. Hasil pengujian karakterisasi dan fungsional isolat-isolat bakteri asal tanah gambut perkebunan kelapa sawit menunjukkan isolat &lt;em&gt;Bacillus cereus &lt;/em&gt;1, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus soli&lt;/em&gt; 2, &lt;em&gt;Mycobacterium cubense&lt;/em&gt; 8, &lt;em&gt;Rhodococcus equi&lt;/em&gt; 15, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus pumilus&lt;/em&gt; 21 dan &lt;em&gt;Nocardia jiangxiensis&lt;/em&gt; 24 memiliki potensi sebagai pupuk hayati pemacu tumbuh tanaman. Bakteri-bakteri ini tidak bersifat patogen terhadap tanaman dan hewan mamalia, mampu memproduksi fitohormon IAA, mampu melarutkan P dan memfiksasi nitrogen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstrac. &lt;/strong&gt;The use of biofertilizers in Indonesia shows an increasing trend. Biofertilizer is widely applied in optimal or suboptimal land, including swamp lands and peatlands. Peat soils has many problems, including very low pH, and very low concentration and availability of nutrients. In addition, peatlands are prone to seasonal waterlogging and drought. To be able to utilize microbes that survive the extreme environments, we isolated indigenous microbes from peatland in Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi. The adaptability and survival of the microbes in the field conditions are the basis for choosing microbes as biofertilizer. Results of the characterization and functional isolates of bacteria from peat soils under oil palm plantations at the site show that isolates of &lt;em&gt;Bacillus cereus&lt;/em&gt; 1, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus soli&lt;/em&gt; 2, &lt;em&gt;Mycobacterium cubense&lt;/em&gt; 8, &lt;em&gt;Rhodococcus equi&lt;/em&gt; 15, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus pumilus&lt;/em&gt; 21 and &lt;em&gt;Nocardia jiangxiensis&lt;/em&gt; 24 had the potential as biofertilizers. These bacteria were not pathogenic to plants and mammals, could produce IAA phytohormones, and were able to solubilize P and fix nitrogen.&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p