608 research outputs found
DNA repair gene XRCC1 polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking and chemical occupational exposure are the main known risk factors for bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Oxidative DNA damage induced by carcinogens present in these exposures requires accurate base excision repair (BER). The XRCC1 protein plays a crucial role in BER by acting as a scaffold for other BER enzymes. Variants in the XRCC1 gene might alter protein structure or function or create alternatively spliced proteins which may influence BER efficiency and hence affect individual susceptibility to bladder cancer. Recent epidemiological studies have shown inconsistent associations between these polymorphisms and bladder cancer. To clarify the situation, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 14 XRCC1 polymorphisms in a case-control study involving more than 1100 subjects. RESULTS: We found no evidence of an association between any of the 14 XRCC1 polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk. However, we found carriage of the variant Arg280His allele to be marginally associated with increased bladder cancer risk compared to the wild-type genotype (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.50 [0.98–2.28], p = 0.06). The association was stronger for current smokers such that individuals carrying the variant 280His allele had a two to three-fold increased risk of bladder cancer compared to those carrying the wildtype genotype (p = 0.09). However, the evidence for gene-environment interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.45). CONCLUSION: We provide no evidence of an association between polymorphisms in XRCC1 and bladder cancer risk, although our study had only limited power to detect the association for low frequency variants, such as Arg280His
On stability of the three-dimensional fixed point in a model with three coupling constants from the expansion: Three-loop results
The structure of the renormalization-group flows in a model with three
quartic coupling constants is studied within the -expansion method up
to three-loop order. Twofold degeneracy of the eigenvalue exponents for the
three-dimensionally stable fixed point is observed and the possibility for
powers in to appear in the series is investigated.
Reliability and effectiveness of the -expansion method for the given
model is discussed.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX, no figures. To be published in Phys. Rev. B, V.57
(1998
Statistics of Lyapunov exponent in one-dimensional layered systems
Localization of acoustic waves in a one dimensional water duct containing
many randomly distributed air filled blocks is studied. Both the Lyapunov
exponent and its variance are computed. Their statistical properties are also
explored extensively. The results reveal that in this system the single
parameter scaling is generally inadequate no matter whether the frequency we
consider is located in a pass band or in a band gap. This contradicts the
earlier observations in an optical case. We compare the results with two
optical cases and give a possible explanation of the origin of the different
behaviors.Comment: 6 pages revtex file, 6 eps figure
Theory of optical spectra of polar quantum wells: Temperature effects
Theoretical and numerical calculations of the optical absorption spectra of
excitons interacting with longitudinal-optical phonons in quasi-2D polar
semiconductors are presented. In II-VI semiconductor quantum wells, exciton
binding energy can be tuned on- and off-resonance with the longitudinal-optical
phonon energy by varying the quantum well width. A comprehensive picture of
this tunning effect on the temperature-dependent exciton absorption spectrum is
derived, using the exciton Green's function formalism at finite temperature.
The effective exciton-phonon interaction is included in the Bethe-Salpeter
equation. Numerical results are illustrated for ZnSe-based quantum wells. At
low temperatures, both a single exciton peak as well as a continuum resonance
state are found in the optical absorption spectra. By contrast, at high enough
temperatures, a splitting of the exciton line due to the real phonon absorption
processes is predicted. Possible previous experimental observations of this
splitting are discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. B. Permanent address:
[email protected]
Critical behavior of three-dimensional magnets with complicated ordering from three-loop renormalization-group expansions
The critical behavior of a model describing phase transitions in 3D
antiferromagnets with 2N-component real order parameters is studied within the
renormalization-group (RG) approach. The RG functions are calculated in the
three-loop order and resummed by the generalized Pade-Borel procedure
preserving the specific symmetry properties of the model. An anisotropic stable
fixed point is found to exist in the RG flow diagram for N > 1 and lies near
the Bose fixed point; corresponding critical exponents are close to those of
the XY model. The accuracy of the results obtained is discussed and estimated.Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX, revised version published in Phys. Rev.
Papillary microcarcinomas of the thyroid gland and immunohistochemical analysis of expression of p53 protein in papillary microcarcinomas
BACKGROUND: Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma (TPM) is defined according to WHO criteria as a thyroid tumor smaller than 1–1.5 cm. TPMs are encountered in 0.5–35.6 % of autopsies or surgical specimens where carcinoma had been unsuspected. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate patients who had TPMs in terms of clinical findings, histopathological features and immunohistochemical evidence of expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53. METHODS: A total of 44 patients with TPMs less than 1.0 cm in diameter were included in the study. The patients were evaluated clinically and the tumors were evaluated in terms of their histopathological and immunohistochemical features, including expression of p53. RESULTS: The female/male ratio was 2.8/1, and the median age at time of diagnosis was 49 years (range 20–71 years). The maximum diameter of the smallest focus was 0.1 mm, and that of the largest was 10 mm microscopically. The mean diameter of all tumors was 5.7 mm. There was no correlation between tumor size and age or gender. Of the TPMs, 72 % were found in the right lobe, 24 % in the left lobe and 4 % in the isthmus. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy provided the diagnosis of TPM in only 43.2 % of the patients. All patients were treated with surgery, with 20 undergoing conservative surgery, i.e. lobectomy or isthmusectomy, and 24 undergoing total thyroidectomy. Frozen section provided the diagnosis of TPM in only 56.8 % of the patients. We found lymphocytic thyroiditis in 13.6% of patients, follicular variants in 11.9%, capsular invasion in 26.8%, lymph node involvement in 11.9%, soft tissue metastases in the neck in 12.1% and multifocality in 31.7 %, and none of these were related to age or gender (p > 0.05). No distant metastases were observed during approximately 10 years of follow up. We found p53 positivity in 34.5 % of TPM tumors. However, p53 expression was not statistically related to age or gender. CONCLUSION: Our findings imply that TPMs may not be entirely innocent since they are associated with signs of poor prognosis such as capsular invasion, multifocal presentation, lymph node involvement and p53 positivity. Therefore, TPMs should be evaluated and followed like classical papillary cancers
On critical behavior of phase transitions in certain antiferromagnets with complicated ordering
Within the four-loop \ve expansion, we study the critical behavior of
certain antiferromagnets with complicated ordering. We show that an anisotropic
stable fixed point governs the phase transitions with new critical exponents.
This is supported by the estimate of critical dimensionality
obtained from six loops via the exact relation established
for the real and complex hypercubic models.Comment: Published versio
Two-dimensional SIR epidemics with long range infection
We extend a recent study of susceptible-infected-removed epidemic processes
with long range infection (referred to as I in the following) from
1-dimensional lattices to lattices in two dimensions. As in I we use hashing to
simulate very large lattices for which finite size effects can be neglected, in
spite of the assumed power law for the
probability that a site can infect another site a distance vector
apart. As in I we present detailed results for the critical case, for the
supercritical case with , and for the supercritical case with . For the latter we verify the stretched exponential growth of the
infected cluster with time predicted by M. Biskup. For we find
generic power laws with dependent exponents in the supercritical
phase, but no Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) like critical point as in 1-d. Instead
of diverging exponentially with the distance from the critical point, the
correlation length increases with an inverse power, as in an ordinary critical
point. Finally we study the dependence of the critical exponents on in
the regime , and compare with field theoretic predictions. In
particular we discuss in detail whether the critical behavior for
slightly less than 2 is in the short range universality class, as conjectured
recently by F. Linder {\it et al.}. As in I we also consider a modified version
of the model where only some of the contacts are long range, the others being
between nearest neighbors. If the number of the latter reaches the percolation
threshold, the critical behavior is changed but the supercritical behavior
stays qualitatively the same.Comment: 14 pages, including 29 figure
Mars Sample Return: The Value of Depth Profiles
Sample return from Mars offers the promise of data from Martian materials that have previously only been available from meteorites. Return of carefully selected samples may yield more information about the history of water and possible habitability through Martian history. Here we propose that samples collected from Mars should include depth profiles of material across the interface between weathered material on the surface of Mars into unweathered parent rock material. Such profiles have the potential to yield chemical kinetic data that can be used to estimate the duration of water and information about potential habitats on Mars
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